Enact Law of Mandatory Labeling Essay

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)/Genetically Engineered (GE) foods are the result of laboratory processes which artificially insert genes into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of food crops or animals. There are many arguments both in favor of and against mandatory labeling of GMO/GE foods. Whether or not to require labeling of GMOs or GE foods also involves the debate over the risks and benefits of food crops produced using biotechnology. However, the overarching argument is consumers have a right to know what is in their food, especially concerning products that can cause allergic reactions. According to the Campaign for Healthier Eating in America, Genetically Modified (GM) foods are linked to toxic and allergic reactions, sick, sterile, and dead livestock, and damage to virtually every organ studied in lab animals (http://www.responsibletechnology.org). Because there is no scientific evidence that GMO/GE foods do or do not cause health issues in humans (because there have been no long-term studies), consumers may or may not be being harmed by GMOs. However, the safety of GMOs has been questioned by other countries. In fact, they are banned by food manufacturers in Europe and other countries, but, present in the majority of meats, produce, diary and processed foods in the United States (US). Many consumers in the US have no knowledge that they are consuming GMOs. If they did, it is now known if, similar to Europe, many would prefer to not consume GMO/GE foods. However, without proper labeling, the big issue of concern is, they do not know how to avoid them if they wanted to. The current labeling policy of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is to label items with the nutritional and caloric value of foods and to include any allergens such as peanuts in a soybean product. However, GMO/GE foods or ingredients are not required to be labeled. According to the FDA website, mandatory labeling of GMO/GE foods in the US has been proposed, but, not enacted, at federal, state, and local levels. One reason is that consumers have been consuming GMO/GE foods without their knowledge for years and have not suffered any significant adverse reactions. However, with GMOs not being labeled and without any long-term scientific studies of those consuming GMOs, it is not known if any health issues that consumers have had are related to consuming GMOs. However, as it stands, it appears the FDA does not feel it is necessary to require mandatory labeling o f GMO/GE foods and their ingredients. The most commonly known GE crop in the US is corn. Because many processed food products including animal feed contain corn ingredients, the majority of processed foods in grocery stores directly or indirectly include GE ingredients that are not labeled. Consumers have the right to know what is in their food. Furthermore, for religious or ethical reasons, many Americans want to avoid eating certain types of animal DNA products. By labeling GMOs and GE foods, including animal DNA, consumers will be able to choose. Opponents may argue that consumers who want to avoid GM or GE foods may choose only organic food items. However, this solution is not completely effective. Although a food item may be labeled organic, there is a possibility that it is not completely GM or GE free. This is because the food item may have been processed in the same facility as a GM or GE food item or may include traces of GE ingredients. The possible costs or drawbacks of mandatory labeling of GMOs and GE foods/ingredients are it would impose a cost to all consumers. For example, the food system infrastructure would need to be renovated to be able to segregate GE and non-GE products. This expense would most likely be passed on to the consumer. Opponents of mandatory labeling include the following, food manufacturers who would need to implement the mandatory labeling laws, seed companies and also the biotechnology companies such as Monsanto who are in the GMO and GE manufacturing business. Others who would be against the mandatory labeling laws would be the grocery stores because consumers may not purchase many of the GMOs that they would normally purchase, possibly reducing their revenue. |1. Are there at least 5 complete paragraphs that address all 5 questions? |2 Yes. | |(2) | | |2. Thoughtfulness of Content. (Are answers obvious, or do they go beyond |1 Very thoughtful. | |the obvious?) (1) | | |3. Clarity of writing. (Specific, precise wording vs. vague, general |1 Very clear and specific. | |wording) (1) | | |4. Grammar and mechanics. (Proper use of Standard, academic English prose?|1 Strong mechanics and grammar. | |Only one topic per paragraph?) (1) | | |Total Points (5) |5 A This looks like it’ll be a very strong topic because it is | | |arguable and fairly specific. | References The Campaign for Healthier Eating in America (2009). Retrieved January 9, 2010 from http://www.responsibletechnology.org/GMFree/CampaignforHealthierEatinginAmerica/index.cfm[pic][pic][pic]

The Challenging of Institutions Within the Art World

TERM 1 WEEK 5 The challenging of institutions within the art world â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† (John A Walker) as they challenge the historical context of traditional institutions, such as conventions, government and religious views, by viewing works. Through the post-modern frame (examining how artists and artworks challenge traditional bounds and rules, and conventions in art including concepts of originality and authenticity), artists in contemporary societies have started to use non-conventional, appropriated techniques to create new meaning within their works- shocking audiences and challenging institutional tolerance, ‘limits of tolerance’ (John A Walker) often being assessed through audiences reaction, censorship and the banning of exhibitions. The Sensation Exhibition is a collection by Charles Saatchi opened in 1997 to attempt to define a generation of artists, shocking the world with their controversial themes and medias. Three works within this exhibition that challenge the institution and tested the boundaries of their tolerance were The Holy Virgin Mary (1996) by Chris Ofili which explores the hypocrisy of Catholicism, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living (1991) by Damien Hirst which deals with the cycle of life and death and My Bed (1999) by Tracey Emin which explores the most brutal times in Emin’s life. Each of these works tests the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and morality, challenging and confronting the way they are viewed within each institution. The Sensation Exhibition, lead to an up roar by members of society, including aspects of the art world Chris Ofili’s, The Holy Virgin Mary was a leading cause of controversy in the Sensation Exhibition due to the potent mixture of themes such as purity, pornography and excrement. On two lumps of dried, varnished elephant dung, sits Ofili’s work of an African American Madonna, covered in Renaissance styled drapery. The Holy Virgin Mary appropriates and recontextulizes the traditional Virgin Mary, not only by this but, by juxtaposing the pure, innocence of cherubs and substituting not only their physicality on the canvas but also their meaning with photographs of female genitalia. Ofili’s work plays with the idea that women should bear full chastity but also embarrass her sexuality within, highlighting the hypocrisy of Catholicism. The Holy Virgin Mary challenges the Catholic Church as an institution through the recontextulization of the Virgin Mary- a pure and sacred symbol in Catholicism. How individual views each work within each gallery institution is different. â€Å"You don’t have the right to a government subsidy for desecrating someone’s religion. † (Rudolph Giuliani- Mayor of New York) The Holy Virgin Mary provoked the anger of Giuliani, not only outraged because of the pornographic elements of the artwork but also its painting surface and support on elephant dung. For Guliani, this work was interpreted as an insulting and blasphemous attack on the holy status of the Virgin Mary. While Giuliani sees the work as disrespect to religion, Ofili himself sees the piece as a work of beauty, the elephant dung highlighting the natural phenomenon of life, another entity of purity within itself. Through Ofili’s work, religion has become a reoccurring subject of art, not because of any religious beliefs held by the artist himself, but to show the result of change in society, including religions place therein. Society has been conditioned by institutions to behave in a contemplative, reflective manner when viewing museum works. Every individual views a work differently, thus challenging the limits of not only an individual’s tolerance but also an institution as a whole through the general publics expression and reflection on a work. Damien Hirst’s The Physical Impossibility in the Mind of Something Living explores the confronting idea of death in a hypocritical light. Hirst’s use of the physical form of a dead shark, which is known as a symbol of death and fear is very confronting. The public viewing this work may question these stereotypical ideas associated with this animal whilst being able to stare it directly in the face, in all its silence and serenity. The use of formaldehyde to preserve the external remains of the dead shark makes the audience think about the internal happenings of not only the shark but also themselves, as an individual and what happens in your mind when you are physically dead. Damien Hirst’s quest to be edgy is as boring as it is callous. It does not matter whether Hirst killed the animals himself or sat by while thousands of them were massacred for his own unjustifiable amusement. Sharks are a part of nature and should be aloud to live in the wild instead of destroyed for something predictable and unimaginative. † (Same Glover, PETA) The reaction of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) towards Hirst’s was that he was barbaric and cruel, not recognising Hirst’s works as art. Presented in a gallery space, with the subject matter and materials used, suspended within a glass tank is an unconventional art form in itself- also contributing to the tolerance and challenging of the gallery institution and the public as an institution. This reaction, â€Å"In keeping with the piece's title, the shark is simultaneously life and death incarnate in a way you don't quite grasp until you see it, suspended and silent, in its tank. It gives the innately demonic urge to live a demonic, deathlike form. (New York Times 2007) This extract emphasises the effect this piece has on the audience when seen up close and personal in the actual gallery space, thus testing the limits of audience and gallery tolerance and challenging the space it exhibits in. Art within an institution is used to influence the public’s attitude and beliefs or, in some cases, relate to a smaller group who have gone through the similar experiences in life. â€Å"It was as if it was no longer the task to produce masterpieces, but to use the making and showing of art in the service of some more socially urgent endeavour†. Arthur Danto) Tracey Emin’s, My Bed does exactly this. My Bed explores an individual’s issue of identity, sexuality and morality in a brutally honest way through the contemplation of suicide. Emin’s work confronts an audience by letting you into her world to explore the toughest yet greatest times in her life. This subject is much more fragile than Hirst’s and Ofili’s work as it makes the connection between a personal hardship in Emin’s life rather than the fear of death felt in Hirst’s work or the traditional vs. modern exploration created by Ofili. By putting something, so personal such as a bed on display in a gallery setting- the traditional design of the institution as a place for a ‘masterpiece’ has been challenged through the raw and honestly confrontation of Emin’s work. â€Å"Emin brings life in things taken from the real world — into the art gallery and leaves it there, more or less unchanged† (The Telegraph) This statement supports Emin’s connection to individuals who go through depression and contemplation of suicide through the raw, untouched entities of her bedroom, exaggerating the self-absorption and self-pity felt in an isolated room full of negative, undermining houghts. Through placing such an intimate entity in a gallery space and making it her own room, Emin challenges the gallery as an institution by making it a more personalized experience for not only the people who have gone through this hardship, but everyone by placing something so uncanny in a public gallery, bl urring the line between private and public externalisation. â€Å"Artworks are designed to challenge institutions and test the limits of tolerance,† by attempting to define a generation of artists and their diverse and controversial artistic visions. Through different medias, attributing to their post modernistic conventions, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Something Living by Damien Hirst and My Bed by Tracey Emin all challenge and test the boundaries of tolerance for institutional galleries, religion, society and mortality. Each work explores the recontextulization of gallery spaces through the historical context by redefining an institution as a place that challenges history rather than upholds the traditional design of conventional, ‘classical’ art. Institutions such as PETA, religion, governments and the public, have all been challenged by artworks, thus redefining institutions and being designed to test their limitations. Bibliography: 27/2/13, retrieved from the world wide web, Sensation Saatchi Collection, Records of the Department of Public Information, https://www. brooklynmuseum.

American Politics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Politics and Society - Essay Example There are many policies that the President cannot make possible all by himself. The different executive departments and agencies are managed and directed by persons who may not necessarily share the same objectives as the President. Furthermore, if he needs to make any changes it will first have to pass through Congress. The President has limited control over legislative acts as well. There are several steps that needed to be done before a policy can be implemented that are under the jurisdiction of persons beyond the control of the President. The President even has limited control over such important agencies such as the Federal Reserve. The British Prime Minister, on the other hand, holds the most important position in parliament as he makes many of the political decision in his country. He is responsible for appointing his cabinet. He also has the power to make the final decision on major issues. On becoming President the previous role of senator, governor or political representative held before assuming presidential role has to be relinquished. The President, therefore, while being head of the executive does not have the responsibility of representing any individual state or region. This is different with the Prime Minister. He is also a member of parliament and he, therefore, has the responsibility and duties of caring for a constituency like any other ordinary member of parliament. The party system within the United States of America is not as strong nor does it have the traditional pomp and power like what is associated with political parties in the United Kingdom. While the President automatically becomes the party leader he does not necessarily have members of his party in his cabinet. It is different with the Prime Minister who is responsible for appointing party members to his cabinet. Normally, the cabinet only comprises party members and affiliates.

Living with Diabetes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Living with Diabetes - Case Study Example Elizabeth who lives in United Kingdom is helped by the National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded health care system of England; the National Health Service (NHS) is not to be confused with the other three national health systems operating in the United Kingdom which are responsible to their own governments and have developed under differing legislation. All four services collectively operate without general discrimination toward citizens from each others areas. The NHS provides the majority of healthcare to Elizabeth, from general practitioners to hospitals, long-term healthcare, thus helping her cope with her diabetes. The National Health Service Act was passed in 1946 and came into effect on 5 July 1948; subsequently it has become an integral part of British society, culture and everyday life: the NHS was once described by Nigel Lawson, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, as "the national religion". Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used only by a small percentage of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. As the reforms continue to change the way the NHS works, NHIS is able to offer new insights into its performance. It is a uniquely powerful and cost-effective resource for those who need to understand, interpret and exploit these events - from pharmaceutical companies developing their marketing strategies, to patients needing to be aware how the system works. Elizabeth often also uses the Diabetes UK Careline as a further source of information for people with diabetes and it receives around 50 000 enquiries a year. The Careline number is 0845 120 2960 and it is open Monday to Friday from 9am until 5pm (a translation service is available) with recorded information available 24 hours a day. As well as offering information to people on a wide range of subjects, Careline also offers support through talking with a trained counsellor . Calls to Careline allow Elizabeth to identify gaps in currently available information, and to then fill them. We have found this to be particularly true around the subject of diet--by far the most requested topic of information. This can be as simple as producing quick question-and-answer style responses to topics that the media has generated interest about, to developing a more detailed information resource, such as the weight management pack, which deals with many of the issues that callers to Careline, both lay and professional, have raised. Like most people who get their information on diabetes from the media, the internet or the man next door, this often means that the information they receive is distorted or even dangerous, Elizabeth too was affected by this but her problems were taken care of by the Careline. A particular issue is the myth around 'mild diabetes' or 'a touch of sugar', which many callers to Careline cite as their particular problem. Because diabetes has been couched in these terms, many people fail to realise the seriousness of their condition and think that they only have to avoid sugar in their diet (another popular misconception). Psychosocial factors

Texas Roadhouse Wont Scrimp on Making Employees Happy Essay

Texas Roadhouse Wont Scrimp on Making Employees Happy - Essay Example However, an ideal organization in the modern day and age has the managerial information at its disposal on the effectiveness of full implementation both at strategy and at policy level (Baran, Zerres and Zerres, 2009). An illustration using the Texas Roadhouse restaurant is well descriptive of the extent that the modern firms can go to ensure that this end is achieved. Basically, two important human resource tools that have been researched on to deliver satisfactory results on employee productivity include employee commitment and motivation. In the service industry, it rolls back on the customer service giving a direct impact on the consumer loyalty and brand image. The implication of the above observation is that employee productivity in the service industry has a direct impact n the consumer satisfaction and the overall organization image projected to the market. In a competitive market as the food market is in which Texas Roadhouse deals in, consumer loyalty and satisfaction is one of the most powerful competitive weapons that an organization can boast of (Gerhart et al, 2011). By establishing a strong market presence through the consumer perception about the delivery of services across the outlets, an organization in the service industry is equipped to face any form of competition. Human resource management findings in the 21st century demonstrate the need for the management team to pay the appropriate attention that the most important resource an organization has in this age; human resource. Paying attention implies that the management invests enough resources based on the cost benefit analysis in enhancement of the employees’ team that the organization puts together. There are a number of employee motivation as well as commitment boosting approaches that the modern organization can employ. According to (Senyucel, 2009), there are three forms of motivation

Global Warming Overvirew Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Warming Overvirew - Research Paper Example Global warming has been consistent according to the data recorded by temperature measuring instruments and which is consistent with other observations such as rise in the sea levels due to expansion of water when heated (Miller, 34). Melting of snow and ice, increased heat levels in oceans, increase in the levels of humidity and the appearance of spring season earlier than it ought to appear are other observable changes that point to global warming. Data estimates from the national climatic data centre and the world metrological organization (WMO) show that the warmest years ever recorded in the world are 2005 and 2010, with temperatures estimated to have increased by 0.52 degree Celsius and 0.53 degree Celsius respectively, while all the years since 1986 have had temperature above the 1961-1990 average.Temperatures in 1998, which was one of the warmest years to have ever been experienced can be attributed to the El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation, which was the largest El Nià ±o that had been experienced for the past one century. In 2010 the trend was also the same with the high temperatures experienced in that year due to the El Nino in that year, however the temperatures reduced in 2011 since it was a La Nina year. These fluctuations in temperatures are sometimes covered by periods of relative stability such as the years between 2002 and 2009.The fluctuations in temperatures due to global warming differ widely across the planet and in different surfaces. Land surface warming twice as fast as the oceans. (0.25 degrees Celsius for land compared to 0.13 degrees Celsius for oceans). This difference in change of temperatures can be attributed to the fact that oceans have a higher effective heat capacity and they lose more heat through evaporation than land surface. The northern hemisphere experience higher temperatures than the southern hemisphere due to the meridional heat transfer in the ocean that is higher in the northern hemisphere, and the albedo difference i n the Polar Regions. Causes of global warming One of the major causes of global warming is the greenhouse gases through greenhouse effect, which is the process by which emission and absorption of infrared radiations by gases warm the earth’s lower atmosphere and surface. The naturally occurring greenhouse gases warm the earth by about 33 degrees Celsius and they include water vapour, which is responsible for 36-70% of greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide that is responsible for 9-26% of greenhouse effect, methane responsible for 4-9% of greenhouse effect and ozone, which cause 3-7% of the greenhouse effect. Human activities have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has led to radioactive forcing of

Outline summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline summary - Essay Example ts include loving the truth, dividing the problems into its essential component, and analyzing each component, building a coherent theory, or argument from each of these component parts, and conjecture and refute by looking for possible counter-arguments against one’s position. The next commandments are revision and rebuilding one’s beliefs, seeking simpler explanations to problems that seem too complex using the parsimony principle, living the truth, and, finally, living the good (Pojman & Vaughn 5). Philosophy revolves around analyzing and constructing arguments, which is also referred to as logic. This involves the support of a thesis with reasons set forth as assertions that a statement is either false or true (Pojman & Vaughn 33). There are two types of arguments; inductive and deductive. Inductive arguments provide probable support for the conclusions, while deductive arguments provide support for the conclusion that is logically conclusive. The deductive argument that successfully offers logical support for the conclusion is valid, which means that where the premises are held to be true, it is not possible for the conclusions to be false. A deductive argument should, therefore, be valid and possess true premises, following which it is called a sound argument (Pojman & Vaughn 35). However, it is normally difficult for someone to state an author’s exact premises. Inductive arguments, on the other hand, do not seek to preserve the truth. It cannot guarantee that the truth of the conclusion is tied to that of the premise. It is meant to give conclusions probable support that makes it more likely that the conclusion is true than false (Pojman & Vaughn 37). If the inductive argument succeeds in doing this, it said to be a strong argument, while an inductive argument that does not provide a similar level of support to the conclusion is referred to as weak. Inductive arguments can reason from premises concerning groups and make conclusions about one

First of all i would like you to choose for me the name of famouse Essay

First of all i would like you to choose for me the name of famouse companies has crisis such BP just example i would like to ch - Essay Example It will provide all information regarding the problems faced by the company. The problems were more internal than external due to which a company that was claimed to be the world leader sometimes was been seen with an eye of doubt by its stakeholders and the consumers. The report will also highlight the major issues the company had with its products and the steps taken by the company to rise from this set back. The company gives a good example of how any organization needs stability and consistent approach of quality in its products. Also, it highlights that the work of its employees is not only on the functioning of the processes but also there is a responsibility they hold towards their own customers and stakeholders who wants to know a clear picture of the company. They are the ones who need more communication and to build this picture in front of them, it is recommended to work constantly in this direction. Overview of the company and the issues faced Mattel is considered once th e leader in the toy company in the whole world. Mattel was introduced as a garage workshop. It origins in 1945 in Southern California. The products is brought in early 80’s include match box, custom motors, Polly, barbie, casketball queen, battle force and monster high, and game consoles. It also found its space in the list of 500 largest industrial companies (Torget, 2002) Mattel won the title of being in the first 100 of "100 Best Corporate Citizens" Mattel is currently operating in more than fourty three nations with a huge work force of 31,000 people which is also and approximation with its headquarter in EL Segundo in California, United states of America. It is very great to hear that it is selling globally in more than 150 countries and since then expanding. Mattel claims many crowns due to the innovative work. One of them is "World's Most Ethical Companies." (Mattel, 2011). It is now a world leader due to the huge success and innovative ideas it has bring with it. With the introduction and success of Barbie in the year 1980’s it conquered the world leadership. Like various leaders in the world market, Mattel has attracted media due to its high growth and influence on the market. It also somewhere led to consumer distrust. Further, Mattel came into highlights when it started outsourcing its processes which also means loss of hundreds of American jobs to Asian nations due to cost. It also led to the moment of human rights organizations to take action against Mattel. But Mattel was consistent in telling the outside world, the investors and stakeholders that is it growing and there are no problems with its functioning but the inside story was something else which was highlighted to the outside world in the early years of 1994 (Morgenson, 1999). Next decision which turned down the trust of investors was turning to mergers and acquisitions for growth. The buying of Companies named Tyco Toys Inc, Pleasant Company, Bluebird Toys PLC maker of Polly Pocket and Learning Company. All the companies were bought at unusual high prices then the company‘s annual sales (Morgenson, 1999). In 2000’s, in view of taking the recovery actions towards transparency and corporate social Responsibility, Mattel started taking moves in the direction of regaining the trust and confidence among its consumers and investors. With that the operations team was also working judiciously to manage and bring up the

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 114

Discussion - Essay Example One example is of CCI’s initiative in scholarship program in Tennessee (Bowman and Kearney, 322). So the two theoriesdo not explain the politics in Tennessee. Ans: Taking is a government action when it assumes ownership of someone’s property on the domain of public purpose. Here the definition of public purpose is important. If the government is taking away the land for building up social goods like labor intensive industries, utility places like libraries, schools, colleges etc., then I think taking is reasonable as this activities lead to employment generation and creates welfare (Bowman and Kearney, 307). Ans: Dillon’s law states that local governments exercise only those powers which are granted by state government. State government has more power than local government but the trend has been shifting towards increased state support and empowerment of localities. Localities have powers to restructure themselves, impose new taxes etc, State government dominates decision making for localities by regulating their finance, by setting qualification criteria for local employees, by meetings and mandating financial disclosure etc (Bowman and Kearney, 325-326). Ans: Yes sprawl should be regulated because it leads to rapid land consumption and heavy dependence on development. It is resource intensive and costly. Cost of providing services like public education rises manifold times for the government. To check sprawl impact fee can be levied on new development like houses and the city should have proper authority to levy the fee. This will offset some costs for providing public service. Greenbelts should be established as it will limit the area for development (Bowman and Kearney, 333). Ans: Yes I would support city county consolidation as it will help in tackling stubborn policy program like pollution control in two cities which now becomes a collective problem after consolidation. Again economies of scale will

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue Essay

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue - Essay Example On the other hand, Town and Country Flooring (Norfolk) Limited (TFCN) was incorporated in the year 1984 and was traded as a small contract flooring provider who services the local market place in Norfolk. TCFN has been a stand alone business in complementing Town and Country Flooring Limited. In the year 2005, TCFN was sold to John Maidment, Robin Eglen, Brian Pestana and Jean L Hicks, who acquired TCFL at the same time (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). Pursuing this acquisition, there was an incessant drive to apply further development strategies for both TCFL and TCFN, which was inclusive of increasing the geographical coverage of the group with branches introduced in diversified cities. An armor service series was introduced to TCFN which involved the supply and installation of hygienic wall armor surfaces (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). TCFL grew gradually for many years whilst supplying as well as installing floor coverings, such as carpets and carpet tiles, along with dcor flooring, vinyl as well as wood floor coverings. It served four key markets, developing a powerful stand within the public sector, chief building contractors, new house builders as well as the management of facilities (Report and Proposals [1], 2008). The company has carried out several contracts by purchase order, framework type as well as standard construction industry sub-contracts. As a result, by the year 2002, the business had been performing well and has significantly incremented in infrastructure, both in the turn-over as well as the size of its work-force. This incessant growth strategy generated prosperous results, with turn-over incrementing year on year. However, unfortunately, whilst the turn-over was improvising, the directors were experiencing other problems in the management of expansion program. Overheads, which had incremented across the group so as to provide the continuing drive in order to increase volumes, were influencing on the productivity as well as the cash-flow restrictions were becoming more recurrent. In accordance with some more facts from the Directors' report, the company increased turn-over by 31 per cent during the year it gave rise to a new business unit in the Southern England are (Annual Report, 2006). Nonetheless, with the ending of the year, the Southern Office was shut and the business from there was merged in to another branch. Moreover, in addition to this, the group also experienced intricacies in the recruitment and retaining of a powerful and strong financial director. Currently, within the last six to eight months, many officials quit the business for some personal reasons, which contributed to the factors, together with a general worsening in the market place, meticulously in the construction sector, which construed to the fact that TFCL was facing a challenging period (Report and Pr

Albert Einstein Creative Thinker Essay Example for Free

Albert Einstein Creative Thinker Essay Introduction Albert Einstein, who many people regard him as the greatest physicist of the 20th century, was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. Was a German origin and Jewish, but he felt neither German, due to the militarized culture, nor fanatical Jew, because of their refusal to believe in Gods image as described in the texts of the Old Testament. In 1880 his family moved to Munich where his father, Hermann Einstein and his uncle Jacob Einstein opened a small electromechanical workshop. In Munich Albert spent his childhood and there he learned the first letters in a very strict school. The military discipline of the German culture in the 19th century did not seem suited to his liberal nature, for that reason Einstein doesn’t showed no particular performance in school. Along with other studies and the bossy insistence of his mother, Einstein studied music and although he  played only for rest was an accomplished violinist. (8) Albert Einstein Life From a little child Einstein was very curious. His answers are always late, which worried his parents whether he had mental problems. At the age of 10 years decided that the school did not offer him anything and he joined a program of studying at home something like homeschooling, where he read as much as he could about science and philosophy. In his childhood two people impacted significantly in shaping the thinking of Albert. His uncle Jacob who inspired him revealing the whole charm of Mathematics, and his uncle Cesar Koch that he implanted him, greedy can say curiosity about science.(2) However Einstein dealt with the physical science from a real young age. His uncle had a factory alternator, lamps, arc and telephones. These things were high tech then. So every day was debate about science at home and the relevant interest in small-Einstein physics came naturally. He wrote that at age four or five years gave him a compass. The ability of the needle always points in the same direction pulled by an invisible force convinced him that there should be something behind things, something deeply hidden.(1) At the age of twelve he read a book on Euclidean plane geometry. He did so much impressed by the Euclidean way of thinking, called the book Sanctuary. Einstein who still was a child considered science a great, eternal riddle, the study of which should be devoted to finding the inner freedom and security.Einstein was smart, but nothing special compared to other intelligent peers. Despite what is said, was a good student at school and got his diploma with good grade. But he hated the school which went to Munich, because that is where their success is based only on memorization and obedience to professorial authority. The actual study was done at home with books on mathematics, physics and philosophy. Einstein was not going to prosper in life, said Dr.Zosef Ntegkenchart, who was his professor in the seventh grade. (8) At twelve years old, Einstein decided to devote himself to solving the puzzle called universe. Three years later, in 15 years, with very low  marks in history, geography and foreign languages, he left school without getting certificate, resigned from his German citizenship, broke all relations with the Jewish community, at the age of 16years getting his father to declare to the authorities as no religion and the rest of his life tried to keep distance from organized religious activities and groups. Einstein created his own religion, in the same manner and for the same reason that created his science and went to Milan to meet his family, who had recently emigrated, because his father was not going well. After 1-2 years of inaction, decide to give examinations at the Technical school of Zurich, as an autodidact with no high school diploma. The attempt failed and a teacher recommended that he must attend high school courses in Aarau. There followed in the years 1895 – 1896, the third and fourth class of high school. Eventually, after school lessons, Einstein in 1896 entered the technologic school at Zurich to study technical school instructor, where he successfully completed four years of study in physics. (8) .  After graduating in the spring of 1900, having previously reject German citizenship and was Swiss, he worked for two months as a teacher of Mathematics in 1902 and finally was hired as examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1903 Einstein married Mileva Maric on a Hungarian classmate who had met and fallen in love five years ago, during their studies. Together we had a daughter, Lieserl, 1902. The manners of the time did not allow the existence of illegitimate children, and so Lieserl up for adoption and ever since has traces were lost. In 1904 became father for second time and he got a son, Hans Albert. His closest friend was Michel Besson; with him they discussed all his ideas about physics. They had formed a friendly circle in Bern with other motivated people and met regularly to discuss scientific and philosophical issues. They name themselves Olympic Academy, mocking the official academic status quo of their times. Gradually abandoned his family immersed in his scientific work, this led to begin the procedures for divorce in 1914. Later, in 1917, Einstein became serious ill, and then his cousin Elsa undertook his care, which fell in love and married her in 1919. (8) The first years of the 20th century did not seem all that Einstein was to become the scientist would leave an unforgettable mark on  the world. Despite numerous requests sent to several universities, could not find a job. In contrast, three of his friends and fellow students had already begun to work as assistants. After completing his studies Einstein found a position as assistant teacher in Winterthur, but was fired after a while, because of failure. He told his associates I hired as an assistant teacher and waited for a Socrates. The father of a classmate recommended him sometime in the Director of the Swiss patent office in Bern. His job was to prepare the documents for the recognition of patents and for this purpose should describe them any invention soon, understandable and comprehensive. The inventors themselves were not usually able to describe their invention. Here emerged an ability of Einstein, to extend foreign ideas and recognize the essence of a process or mechanism, while identifying some errors. He confessed later that this work had fascinated him and was his hobby and instead to publish in journals uninteresting scientific papers. This is one of the most productive and most remarkable periods of his life. Away from the scientific community and without the benefits that could result from contact with colleagues, wrote a multitude of scientific articles in the field of theoretical physics.(8) Albert Einstein Work The 1905 was a unique year in the history of physics. At 26 years old, published in important journals within a few months, four momentous research papers that changed the image of humanity in the world. In early 1905, Einstein published the monthly German magazine  «Annalen der Physik » (Annals of Physics) a thesis entitled: A new determination of molecular dimensions, which gained a PhD from the University of Zurich. Four more great articles published in the journal, the same year, and changed forever the vision that was the man for the universe. (4) In the first of these articles gave the explanation of the photoelectric effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. On the assumption of quantization that was introduced some years earlier by Planck for interpretation of the black body radiation. He argued that light acts as if composed of discrete, independent particles of energy. These particles have  energy that is proportional to the frequency of light as they propagate. They called this particles light quanta. He demonstrated that the assumption of light quanta with the above properties could explain phenomena that were examining the experimental physicists of the time, as the photoelectric effect. These two works of Planck and Einstein were the principle of quantum mechanics. Later, Einstein opposed the theory of quanta, why could not believe that God plays dice. In his article A creative approach on the production and transformations of light Einstein raised the assumption that light consists of individual action figures, which apart from the wave behavior give the light of certain properties characteristic of particles. So in an effort achieved two goals: revolutionize the theory of light and explain, among other things, the emission of electrons from some solids when these incident light. (4) .   The special theory of relativity Einsteins first published under the title The electrodynamics of moving bodies and was based on an essay he wrote when he was sixteen years old. The central idea of ​​the theory was that if, for all reference speed of light is constant and if all natural laws are the same, then both the time and the movement depends on the reference system in which they are measured. A stationary observer sees two trains intersect in parallel lines can measure their speed at 50 to 60 miles an hour. The passenger in one of the two trains will measure the speed of another train at 110 miles an hour. According to the theory of electromagnetism, the speed of light should be measured differently by an observer moving along than from another property. But in any experiment, as complicated and expensive as it was, had never measured the slightest difference. The speed of light was constant regardless of the motion of the observer. Einstein found that the last event was expected and compatible with the Electromagnetic Theory. As he wrote later, to reconcile the two seemingly incompatible observations needed only a new and more careful consideration the time factor. (6) . Moving in the mathematical formulation of his theory, Einstein published his fourth article entitled The inertia of a body depends on its  energy? Mathematical note that the special theory of relativity has established the equivalence of mass and energy in which a quantity of matter with mass m has an energy content of E is equal to mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light. This relationship is usually written: E = mc  ². The very idea was unbelievable. Even Einsteins revolutionary frightened by the results of evaluations. Thus, the title of the thesis was: Does the inertia of a body depends from the measure of the energy situation? â€Å". Characteristic is what he wrote in a friend: The principle of relativity, in conjunction with Maxwells equations requires the mass is in direct measure of the energy contained in a body. The light transfers mass. This thought is amusing and has consequences, but I cannot know whether the good Lord smiles on the idea that I put on my head. Later, however, he and other scientists realized that, however unlikely it may seem, the formula E = mc  ² was true. The understanding of the new theory and the identification of the author needed several years to be acceptable, but Einstein had won a position among leading European physicists who asked his advice more and more.(4) In 1911 Einstein became a professor at the German University of Prague. In 1912 he returned to the Polytechnic Academy in Zurich. Having been recognized as one of the leading scientists of his time, Einstein did not stop to accept proposals. The most important came from Germany in 1914: based at the University of Berlin and research position in the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Thus, despite the independent character and political and social opposition to the militaristic regime of Germany of William II departed in April 1914 with his family in Berlin, who was then one of the most brilliant centers of European science. In 1915 he published the final text of the General Theory of Relativity. This theory was confirmed experimentally by British scientists during the First World War, by measuring the deflection of light stars, where it passes through the gravitational field of large masses, such as that of the sun. This statement made Einstein famous and surprising that the theory of relativity, although tricky, even for physicists, became popular reading for large numbers of educated people who studied popularized descriptions. (8) General Theory of Relativity As a basic principle of General Theory of Relativity is the equivalence of accelerated systems of reference systems located within the gravity field. For verification of General Relativity, Albert Einstein proposed three experimental tests: 1. Measuring the deflection of light of stars and rays passing near the Sun. The result expected theoretically confirmed in 1919 by photographs of the position of stars near the solar disk during a total solar eclipse. 2. A theoretical prediction for the shift of the perihelion of Mercury. The perihelion of Mercury directed slowly around the sun, and Einstein explained this shift as a result of General Relativity confirmed again from the experiment. 3. The shift toward the red spectrum due to gravity. This test was in 1959 at Harvard University successfully and was the first high precision measurement of results of General Relativity.(6) .   The next year the General Theory of Relativitys gravity was confirmed by many other experiments. General relativity has stimulated the study of the universe as a dynamic entity, the topology of which is determined by the total mass-energy contained in it. . In the general theory of relativity the tireless mind of Einstein discusses moves with changing speed. Einstein approached the issue in a way completely different from Newton. The great physicist of the 17th century had noticed something was a remarkable coincidence: gravity acting in the same way in all bodies, regardless of their mass. Einstein gave an explanation on this issue. The acceleration caused by gravity, he said, cannot be separated from the accelerations caused by other forces. Einstein created using ten complex equations fields, General Theory of Relativity in 1916. The General Theory, in contrast to the Special Theory, had virtually no direct intellectual ancestor. Even today, the mental concepts of Einstein used by scientists. The surprise to Einsteins equations provide actually bend light by gravity  and the curve can be demonstrated by measuring the deflection of a light beam coming from a distant star and passing near the Sun. The light from the star ahead become visible only during a total extinct. Einstein predicted theoretically double the deviation from what could be predicted by Newtons laws.(6) Scientists were waiting for an opportunity to check again the General Theory of Relativity. I opportunity came in May 1919, when occurred a total eclipse of the Sun. Two independent scientific expeditions traveled to places where the eclipse was total. Both measured the same projected radius of curvature of the light of a distant star and were lost behind the darkened sun disk. The news not only impressed the scientists and the general public. Einstein had changed the whole structure of physics. Perceptions of centuries had proved incorrect and a new building was erected in their place, a building where space, time, matter and energy were interrelated and interact with strange exotic ways apart from any everyday perception.(6) Einstein was the symbol of the new science image. Einstein was set at inaccessible heights. Everyone wanted to see him, to speak to him or even writing to him excessively. In 1921 got the Nobel Prize in physics, not for the Theory of Relativity, but the explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905.The next year Einstein traveled a lot. He supported Gandhi and for that reason signed the proclamation in 1925 of compulsory military service around the world. At 1932 accepted a position at Princeton University, which will be retained along with its location in Berlin. But as the Nazis rose to power, it was to never return to Germany. (4) . Nazis in Power In 1933, when the Nazis had already been elected to the German government began to insult Einstein as an agent of the Americans and Anglo-French, irritated by the fact that as an important representative of German science appeared at that time a Jew. This resulted that he has to leave the great investigator of the German Academy of Sciences, which had dominated, as  always happens in totalitarian regimes. He left also of Germany, this time permanently, and he bound to America. One of his first acts in America with Hitlers rise to power was to leave the German nationality. But he kept the Swiss and also asked the American. As Hitler confiscates his home, his books, and his deposits some people felt happy about it. A Berlin newspaper even wrote Good News from Einstein does not return from America.(4) The great Danish atomic physicist Niels Bohr, in 1939 brought to Einstein news that the German refugee physicist Lizeta Maitner had split the atom of uranium with slight mass loss which was converted into energy. The experiments, conducted in Copenhagen, was inspired by similar, who was less reliable, which had been a few months earlier by two German chemists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strasman in Berlin. Bohr made the point that if he could be a controlled chain reaction of fission of uranium individuals, the result would be a mammoth explosion. Immediately researchers began to repeat these experiments bombarding uranium nuclei with neutrons. The result was to release a huge amount of energy discovery that led to the construction of the atomic bomb. Einstein was mistrustful of such a possibility, but the laboratory experiments in the United States have demonstrated the feasibility of the idea. (8) With a war occurred in Europe and the fear that Nazi scientists may have manufactured the first atomic bomb Einstein was persuaded by his fellow scientists, mainly from Teller, to help fight for the manufacture of the bomb and write a letter to Franklin Roosevelt to influence him for great vigilance and, if necessary, quick action by the United States in research to build the atomic bomb. This recommendation resulted in the launch of Manhattan Research Program to build the atomic bomb. Eventually the fears of the scientific community for abusing, verified from the opposite side, after the atomic bomb was built under the direction of Oppenheimer used by the U.S. against Japan after the effective end of the war. (8) . Although he didn’t took part in the work done in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and he didn’t know that he had manufactured nuclear fission bomb until the first dropped on Hiroshima in 1945, his name was closely associated with the arrival of the atomic age. The great irony for this idealistic thinker was  that thanks to the famous axiom of mass-energy equivalence, humanity has seen the application, by creating individual and hydrocarbon cluster, which is the most destructive weapons that mankind ever known (2) . Thereafter and until the end of his life, Einstein was active in the campaigning for disarmament, after the Soviet Union he had become nuclear power and began the Cold War he sign statements with other scientists, notably with B. Russell, who was the prime leader of the movements for peace and disarmament. His health began to collapse in 1949 and he was ready to accept his death in 1950, when he wrote that will leaving his writings in the Jewish University of Jerusalem. The last article signed but had nothing to do with science but with peace: it was a manifesto which was appealed to all nations not to use atomic energy. In 1952 he was offered the presidency of the newly established state of Israel, which refused saying, â€Å"equations for me are more interesting. Politics is for the present, the equations are for eternity†. (8) . In 1955 he gives his last interview, which yielded credit to a Greek teacher, Constantine Karatheodory: â€Å"Gentlemen, you asked me to answer a thousand things, but not someone of you wanted to know who was my teacher, who showed and opened to me the way to the superior mathematical science, thought and research. I don’t want to bore you; I say simply, without details that my big teacher was the Greek Constantine Karatheodory, which I personally, the mathematical science, physics and the wisdom of our century, we owe everything†. The respect and esteem in the person of Constantine Karatheodory, who saw him as his teacher and his largely theorem of relativity that made him famous, is also due to him (8). Conclusion On April 18, 1955, Einstein died while sleeping at Princeton Hospital. Upon the table was the last unfilled statement written in honor of Independence Day of Israel. After his death, his mind was preserved in a jar by the  physician Thomas Stolz Hare, who did the autopsy on his body. In 1999, an analysis of the brain showed that the Board is responsible for mathematical thought was a 15% greater than normal (8).

Advantages Of Diversity In The Workplace

Advantages Of Diversity In The Workplace Diversity comes form the word diverse. Diverse means made up of different or distinct characteristics, qualities or elements. Diversity means having a distinct quality or characteristic. Diversity in the workplace refers to qualities that are different from our own. It can mean that differences that people of different races, religion, and gender, age, physical ability or culture. Why value diversity? In the time we live in there are large demographics of people from all over the world they all need jobs so any way you look at it you will still need to hire people of a different race/culture then yourself. This means that diversity in the workplace will still occur naturally as the world is now a global village. Most multinational corporations have projects or subsidiaries in different countries and they hire the locals of that countries to work with there own people. Having a diverse workplace also is a good competitive advantage. These new cultures and races will help a company when new innovations and ideas are needed. If everyone in a company is of the same race/culture/background nothing will be different nor will ideas be new as everyone will have similar thoughts/ideas but if you put a person of a different minority in the mix it is guaranteed that something innovative will happen. Another advantage is that when marketing to a new people it is advised to select a person form that minority to help you as they know what works and what doesnt. A study in 1992 showed that diverse ethnic groups produced more effective solutions than groups with a single ethnicity. Innovation provides the seeds for economic growth, and for that innovation to happen depends as much on collective difference as on aggregate ability. If people think alike then no matter how smart they are, they are most likely will get stuck at the same locally optimal solutions. Finding new and better solutions, innovating, requires thinking differently. Thats why diversity powers innovation. -Scott E. Page, Professor, University of Michigan There is no better fertile ground for innovation than a diversity of experience. And that diversity of experience arises from a difference of cultures, ethnicities, and life backgrounds. A successful scientific endeavor is one that attracts a diversity of experience, draws upon the breadth and depth of that experience, and cultivates those differences, acknowledging the creativity they spark. Dr. Joseph M. DeSimone The importance of diversity in the workplace/Advantages In the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a workplace that respects and includes differences, recognizing the unique contributions that individuals with many types of differences can make, and creating a work environment that maximizes the potential of all employees. Christy Rakoczy, Why is diversity important in the workplace. Diversity in the work place is very important as it brings people of different races, religion, and culture together in an environment in which they are all trying to gain an objective. Much like in regular society, diversity in the work place has many benefits and gain toward the greater good. In a diverse work place there are many nationalities and races which when put together can bring about many new ideas and innovations in to the market and the global economy. Diversity helps in making a certain product better as more diverse people work together in order for the product to succeed. (For a product to be a real success there must be diversity, not only in the product itself, but also in the workforce and marketing of it.) This therefore tells us that even the workforce and marketing of a product needs to be diverse in order for it to be affective in gaining worldwide sale and growth. The way that the workforce being diverse directly helps in making a product successful is that diverse people who helped in the manufacturing or marketing of the product are people from other cultures, races or gender. They see things differently if a company hires the same type of people who have the same type of experience and education and dont know much about diversity will all be most likely similar. If u put in a diverse workforce you are more likely see differences which are good and each individual has his or her own way of seeing something. This is better that having a group of individuals with the same ideas or taste. Most companies nowadays hire a diverse workforce for this reason. They want to see a change in products, and ideas. This is why diverse companies that hire from around the world regardless of anything have better ideas and innovations as there is a group of people who are very different form one another working together. Young people nowadays are given jobs in higher parts of organizations because their contributions to companies are invaluable. Diversity benefits everyone in all aspects of the job the employee, company, colleagues, society in general. There is no reason why any business shouldnt have a diverse workforce. Now in the 21st century everything is going to be diverse countries in general have big populations of other races and it brings about change and social acceptance. Businesses will have to be diverse in order to survive this time that we live in. Drawbacks to diversity There a few drawbacks to having a diverse workplace such as reversed discrimination which means that professional workers are discriminated against because the employer wants to have minorities in the company so more professional workers are not hired as much. People with significantly different backgrounds might have cultural or other barriers to co-work efficiently such as having trouble communicating. Some people argue that diversity management programs nowadays are run in order to achieve a better reputation or financial goals, forsaking the basic aim of social fairness in all aspects of life. These companies are just incorporating diversity for their benefit without the mind set of hiring people of all differences for equality. Another challenge is miscommunication as two different individuals have different ways to perceive a message. Just because two people work together doesnt mean that they will both understand the same things. It is the responsibility of the employer to makes sure everything said is understood and is clear. Having a diverse workplace means people form all walks of life are working so everyone has his/her way of dealing or perceiving ideas and interpreting them. Another major challenge is cultural bias. Just because a company is working with a diverse workplace doesnt mean that there isnt any bias. Employers can and might see an ethnicity as being better then another. A company might hire diverse workers but still prefer to work with their own kind. This is a major problem as people are all different and looking at one kind of person and discriminating against them is unprofessional and unethical as everyone has the right to be treated equal. Having negative thoughts of individuals is an obstacle towards anything how can a company be productive is each employee thinks negative of one another. A company is only as good as how well their employees work together to achieve a specific goal that benefits all of them. What is the Glass Ceiling? It is a term used to describe the limitations for a gender/minority in reaching great heights while working for a company. This is due to discrimination, sexism, and racism towards females or minorities in the workplace. Why is there a Glass Ceiling? There is a glass ceiling because it is what the public as a whole think. Most people think that in a business the white male is the better option to hire and trust people then look down upon other minorities thinking they are all faulty when it comes to work. This also goes for women as people think that women should stay at home and look after the children. David R. Hekman and his colleagues found that customers prefer white male employees, which is why such workers may continue to earn 25 percent more than equally-well performing women and minorities. Hekman et al. (2009) this shows us that even customers have a preference to white males even though the women and minorities perform similarly in terms of skills/manners. It is also why most high ranking jobs in companies are taken up by white males History of diversity The first early signs of diversity in the workplace began in the 1960s-1970. The United States started to incorporate diversity. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy established the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity which had the vision of ending racial discrimination by the government. The next year President Johnson signed an executive order to promote equal employment opportunity. This was an important turning point, because it prohibited the consideration of race, creed, color or national origin to acting on the principle of fairness. Legal laws on diversity did not help as people just continued with discriminating the diverse. Even though human resources were successful in hiring and managing diversity it wasnt the case as other employees in the work place didnt quite get on with the new more diverse workplace. Moreover, employers found that simply hiring a more diverse workforce did not bring some of the expected benefits. The management had to be committed to the new ideas if they ever wanted to see the benefits of diversity. During the 1980s, it was recognised that not only did the new laws and new regulation but diversity had to be taken seriously as a new type of business attribute. Training at the time focused on employee attitudes, as businesses and government agencies tried to raise awareness of and increase employee sensitivity to diversity issues. (Mauricio Velasquez). Case Studies Managing Diversity at IBM Nederland (The Netherlands) 05-02-2005 A Vision on Managing Diversity IBM the multinational IT-company thinks that the only way that they can maintain their advantage over other companies is through their diverse workplace by having their employees innovations and differences help in their work. The company considers workforce diversity as the bridge between the workplace and the marketplace. In 1953, the CEO at that time published IBMs first equal opportunity policy letter. This letter stated simply that IBM will hire people based on their ability, regardless of race, color or creed. IBMs CEOs all defended this idea and reinforced that policy throughout the years. Since then, equal opportunity at IBM has been an evolutionary journey that underscores the companys commitment to an inclusive work environment where peoples ideas and contributions are welcome regardless of where they come from, what they look like or what personal beliefs they hold. To show the importance of workforce diversity in IBMs corporation, their worldwide headquarters employs a Vice President of Global Workforce Diversity. This official generates the policies on managing diversity. Their regional headquarters employ diversity managers to help in the managing and hiring of a diverse workplace they also translate the global policies on managing diversity into regional spearheads. Next, the executive management teams of every subsidiary formulate local actions in order to increase and to make full use of workforce diversity in that specific IBM establishment. IBM 05-02-2005. Louise OGrady, Accommodating an Employee with a Disability 29-06-2004 28 year old Louise OGrady is an administrative assistant with Access Ability. She was born with cerebral palsy which constrains her in her mobility. Before starting her job with the company she had an environmental audit carried out. The person with the disability is an expert on their own needs and that is why their input is crucial. Every disability is different everyone has different needs and requirements must be tailor-made to meet specific needs. She explains. Many employers fail to understand that when dealing with a person with a disability for the first time, is that it is not the disability that is the problem, it is the environment. According to Louise, sometimes all it takes is a software package like a voice recognition system to overcome the constraints faced by a person with a disability in the workplace. She said. In the case of Louise OGrady, She has a disability therefore if she is hired the company she will be working for has tried to incorporate a diverse workplace. Companies that hire people with a disability have to take the initiative to help them out. For Louise she needed special help like making the workplace more accessible to her disability. This is a good example of a company that is trying to add diversity to their workforce. People with a disability can work just as well as people with out a disability and are equally capable of becoming successful. They should be given an equal chance to be hired and all employers must be able to help them in terms of making facilities accessible and giving them a chance to prove them selves. Managing a diverse workplace The key to successfully manage a diverse workplace is to increase ones awareness for differences in people of all walks of life such as gender, age, race, religion, physical ability or culture. One good way to manage anyone is to have empathy. You have to work together you have to feel what your employee feels in order to be a good manager. Especially with a diverse workplace empathy is very important. Another way is to learn what the employee wants from their job at the company and help them achieve it. Supporting the employee also is a good method it brings the employees closer to their employer. Be lenient as different employees work differently especially if from a diverse background they need their freedom to work the way do need to. Dont force employees to work in the same way as each other as everyone is different. People with a disability need more support and supervision sometimes the company is not disability friendly and may need to incorporate some things to help a disabl ed employee. Strategies Some good strategies that are being used and incorporated in managing a diverse workplace Trying to find out what employees aspirations are and helping by supporting their goals. Giving highly talented employees chances in the company to expose themselves to leaders and successful talents and supporting them. Creating teams of people with different skills and talents and encouraging synergy. Being more tolerant of people from all aspects of life. And trying to deal with them positively. Delegating responsibility fairly to all employees. Communicate and support intolerance of inappropriate and disrespectful behaviour. Evaluating the performance of employees objectively but fairly without any discrimination. Consider each individuals need when enforcing company policies and guidelines and by being tolerant to there opinions and differences. Conclusion In conclusion Diversity is a great thing. Its the variety of people in all aspects racially, mentally, physically and spiritually. Having a diverse workplace is an advantage to any company. It is what makes a company successful. All multinational and successful companies have a diverse workplace. New ideas and innovations are the just some of the things that arrive from having a diverse workplace. Having many different people form all aspects make for a good advancement for any company. Managing a diverse workplace is just as difficult as managing a workplace with the same kind of individuals therefore you can only gain if you practise having a diverse workplace.

Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay

Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay (28) Karalis et al in 2008 discussed the issues in the conference involved physiological factors affecting drug absorption, the role of pre-systemic effects on bioavailability (BA), the impact of variability in bioequivalence (BE) studies, and a final closing panel session on unresolved issues in BA/BE regulations. Several important aspects of drug absorption were highlighted. It was presented how the complexity of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology and the site dependent absorption can impact on drug BA. Similarly, the effects of food and formulation were also studied. The second session focused on integrating the complexities of GI into modeling the inter-individual variability of absorption and the prediction of first-pass metabolism from in-vitro data. The necessity to measure metabolites, the value of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), and the more recently proposed Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) were assessed as well. This session clo sed with presentations of pharmacokinetic software delegates. In the second day of the conference, the problem of high intra-subject variability in BE studies was analyzed. Study design considerations, the use of multiple-dose studies and the role of statistics in BE were also highlighted. Finally, the current thinking of regulatory authorities (EMEA and US-FDA) was presented. The conference closed with a last session on unresolved issues in the regulatory level. EXPERIMENTAL Tablets are the most popular dosage forms of Pharmaceutical product. A typical tablet formulation consists of the Active Pharmaceutical ingredient(s), fillersdisintigrant, lubricant and other inactive ingredients (e.g. binder, glidant and colors) a formulation scientist must conduct a thorough both to optimize a formulation so that it meets all specification and to ensure safety and efficacy. The specification for pharmaceutical tablets usually include appearance, weight, uniformity of contant, diameter, Thickness, friability, dissolution, disintegration, Hardness, Assay, Organolaptic character other product specific requirements. These specifications are established to ensure that the tablets will have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand packaging, shipping and handling and are physically and chemically stable to deliver the accurate amount of drug at the desired dissolution rate when consumed by the patient. Any changes in these characteristics may significantly affect the safety and efficacy of the product. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD Direct compression is a preferred manufacturing process for pharmaceutical tablets, according to survey conducted by Shangraw and Demarest. In this study Amlodipine besylate was directly compressed by using three different formulation i.e. with different diluent,bibder,filler,disintigrant and lubricant.In this study we were not only study the biowaivers effect of different marketed brands and formulation of Amlodipine Besylate but also manufactured and developed three different formulation by reducind the cost and increased quality perspects. MATERIAL AND METHOD CHEMICALS. COMPOSITION OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE TABLETS. FORMULATION NO.1 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 102 47 47 4.7 3 Starch Pregelitinized 47.75 47.75 4.775 4 Magnesium stearate 0.25 0.25 0.025 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active FORMULATION NO.2 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 101 47 47 4.7 3 Avecil 102 47 47 4.7 4 Magnesium stearate 1 1 0.1 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active FORMULATION NO.3 S.NO. Material Name Quanty per Tablet (mg) Percentage composition (%) Quantity for 100 tablets (gm) 1 Amlodipine Besylate 5 5 0.5 2 Avecil 102 49 49 4.9 3 Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous 44 44 4.4 4 Sodium Starch Glycolate 4 4 0.4 5 Magnesium stearate 1 1 0.1 Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg active EQUIPMENTS Rotary press ( ZP19) Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) Mixer ( polyethylene bag ) Sieve # 20 METHOD Three new formulation of Amlodipine Besylate were developed using three directly compressible agents i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (Avecil 101 and 102), starch pregelatinized and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate in order to check the multi purpose excipients. First active and all excipients were weighed accurately using Sartorious TE 214S, The weighed materials were screened through 20 mesh size sieve and then mixing of powders was performed by geometric dilution method in polythene bag. First active was mixed with diluents by tumbling action and then one by one other ingredients of formulation were mixed together. All the ingredients were thoroughly mixed to ensure uniform distribution of all the ingredients throughout the formulation. Flow chart of manufacturing process Weighing of active and excipients Sieving y 20 mesh size Mixing of active and diluent Addition of other ingredients Addition of lubricant and mixing Tableting PHYSICAL TESTING OF TABLET Amlodipine Besylate tablets were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties by performing different pharmacopoeial test, i.e by official and unofficial tests including tablets weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, Thickness, diameter and content uniformity and results were statistically analyzed and compared with marketed brands of Amlodipine Besylate named as test formulation # 1, test formulation # 2, test formulation # 3 TABLET THICKNESS AND DIAMETER The dimensional specifications of tablets are important for many reasons. The measurement of the thickness and the diameter of a tablet usually accomplished by the use of micrometer (Vernier) calipers. The value is initially employed as in process control during production. UNIFORMITY OF THICKNESS EQUIPMENTS Vernier caliper METHOD Tablet thickness is determined with a caliper or thickness gauge, which measures the thickness in millimeters. In this study, twenty tablets were taken and their thicknesses were determined using vernier caliper. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS A plus or minus 5% standard deviation may be allowed, depending on the size of the tablet.Out of twenty tablets only two tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit. UNIFORMITY OF DIAMETER OF TABLETS EQUIPMENT Vernier caliper METHOD Twenty tablets were taken and their diameters were determined using vernier caliper. . Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS A deviation of  ±5% from the stated diameter is allowed except that for diameters exceeding 12.5mm the deviation allowed is  ±3%.Out of 20 tablets only 2 tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit. FRIABILITY TEST A certain weight of tablets ,are subjected to a well defined level of agitation in a fixed geometry,closed container for a specific time.They are then again reweighted.The measure of abrasion resistance or FRIABILITYis usually expressed as a percentage loss in weight. EQUIPMENT Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) Friabilator (Erweka Germany) METHOD Preweight samples of 20tablets were taken and subjected to the combined effect of shock abrasion by utilizing the plastic chamber which revolved at 25rpm for 4minutes, droped the tablet at a distance of 6 inches with each revolution. Then the tablets were removed, dedusted and reweighed. LIMITS Values of friability of 0.8 to 1.0% are frequently quoted as the upper level of acceptability for pharmaceutical product. Generally the test is run once. If the results are doubtful for if weight loss is greater than 1% repeats the test twice and determines the mean of the three tests. A maximum weight of 1% of the weight of the tablets to be tested is considered to be acceptable for most products. HARDNESS TEST This test is intended to determined under defined conditions,the resistance to crushing of tablets,measured by the forced needed to disturp them by crushing apparatus.Probably the most widely used technique is testing of crushing strength presisly defined as that compressional force which,when applied diametrically to a tablet,just fractures it. EQUIPMENT Hardness tester (Pharma test) METHOD Twenty tablets of every sample of brands and test formulation were taken and their hardness was determined using Pharma test hardness tester. In this type of tester load is applied at a constant rate by an electric motor. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart. LIMITS Hardness will be measured in kg.Out of twenty tablets; only two tablets are allowed to exceed the limit. DISINTIGRATION TEST FOR TABLETS Disintegration Test determines whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in the liquid medium in the experimental condition prescribed. For compressed uncoated tablets the testing fluid is usually water at 37  °C, but in some cases monographs direct that simulated gastric fluid TS be used. This test is provided to determine whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in a liquid medium under the experimental conditions presented below. For the purposes of this test, disintegration does not imply complete dissolution of the unit or even of its active constituent. Complete disintegration is defined as that State in which any residue of the unit, except fragments of insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining on the screen of the test apparatus or adhering to the lower surface of the discs, if used, is a soft mass having no palpably firm core. Use apparatus A for tablets and capsules that are not greater than 18 mm long. For larger tablets or capsules use apparatus B. APPARATUSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The apparatus consists of a basket-rack assembly, a 1 liter, low-form beaker, 149  ± 11 mm in height and having an inside diameter of 106  ± 9 mm for the immersion fluid, a thermostatic arrangement for heating the fluid between 35  °C and 39  °C, and a device for raising and lowering the basket in the immersion fluid at a constant frequency rate between 29 and 32 cycles per minute, through a distance of 55  ± 2 mm. The volume of the fluid in the vessel is such that at the highest point of the upward stroke the wire mesh remains at least 15 mm below the surface of the fluid, and descends to not less than 25 mm from the bottom of the vessel on the downward stroke. At no time should the top of the basket-rack assembly become submerged. The time required for the upward stroke is equal to the time required for the downward stroke, and the change in stroke direction is a smooth transition, rather than an abrupt reversal of motion. The basket-rack assembly moves vertically along i ts axis. There is no appreciable horizontal motion or movement of the axis from the vertical. BASKET-RACK ASSEMBLYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The basket-rack assembly consists of 6 open-ended transparent tubes, each 77.5  ± 2.5 mm long and having an inside diameter of 21.85  ± 1.15 mm and a wall 1.9  ± 0.9 mm thick; the tubes are held in a vertical position by 2 plates, each 90  ± 2 mm in diameter and 6.75  ± 1.75 mm in thickness, with 6 holes, each 24  ± 2 mm in diameter, equidistant from the centre of the plate and equally spaced from one another. Attached to the under surface of the lower plate is a woven stainless steel wire cloth, which has a plain square weave with 2.0  ± 0.2 mm mesh apertures and with a wire diameter of 0.615  ± 0.045 mm. The parts of the apparatus are assembled and rigidly held by means of 3 bolts passing through the 2 plates. A suitable means is provided to suspend the basket-rack assembly from the raising and lowering device using a point on its axis. The design of the basket-rack assembly may be varied somewhat provided the specifications for the glass tubes and the screen mesh s ize are maintained. The basket-rack assembly conforms to the dimensions. DISCSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The use of discs is permitted only where specified or allowed. Each tube is provided with a cylindrical disc 9.5  ± 0.15 mm thick and 20.7  ± 0.15 mm in diameter. The disc is made of a suitable, transparent plastic material having a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20. 5 parallel 2  ± 0.1 mm holes extend between the ends of the cylinder. One of the holes is centered on the cylindrical axis. The other holes are centered 6  ± 0.2 mm from the axis on imaginary lines perpendicular to the axis and parallel to each other. 4 identical trapezoidal-shaped planes are cut into the wall of the cylinder, nearly perpendicular to the ends of the cylinder. The trapezoidal shape is symmetrical; its parallel sides coincide with the ends of the cylinder and are parallel to an imaginary line connecting the centres of 2 adjacent holes 6 mm from the cylindrical axis. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the bottom of the cylinder has a length of 1.6  ± 0.1 mm and its bottom edge s lie at a depth of 1.6  ± 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the top of the cylinder has a length of 9.4  ± 0.2 mm and its centre lies at a depth of 2.6  ± 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. All surfaces of the disc are smooth. If the use of discs is specified, add a disc to each tube and operate the apparatus as directed under Procedure. The discs conform to the dimensions. The use of automatic detection employing modified discs is permitted where the use of discs is specified or allowed. Such discs must comply with the requirements of density and dimension. PROCEDUREà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Place 1 dosage unit in each of the 6 tubes of the basket and, if prescribed, add a disc. Operate the apparatus using the specified medium, maintained at 37  ± 2  °C, as the immersion fluid. At the end of the specified time, lift the basket from the fluid and observe the dosage units: all of the dosage units have disintegrated completely. If 1 or 2 dosage units fail to disintegrate, repeat the test on 12 additional dosage units. The requirements of the test are met if not less than 16 of the 18 dosage units tested have disintegrated. EQUIPMENT Disintegrating Apparatus (Pharma Test) METHODà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Test 6 tablets or capsules either by using 2 basket-rack assemblies in parallel or by repeating the procedure. In each of the 3 tubes, place 1 tablet or capsule and, if prescribed, add a disc; suspend the assembly in the beaker containing the specified liquid. Operate the apparatus for the prescribed period, withdraw the assembly and examine the state of the tablets or capsules. To pass the test, all 6 of the tablets or capsules must have disintegrated. LIMITS All tablets must disintegrate completely, if one or two tablets fails to disintegrate, the test is to be repeated using 12 tablets. Out of the 18 tablets then tested,16 must have disintegrated within the given period of time .The condition of the test are varied somewhat for coated tablets,buccal tablets and sublingual tablets. Disintegration time are included in the individual tablet monograph. For most uncoated tablets the period is less than 15 minutes although the time for some uncoated tablets varied greatly from this. WEIGHT VARIATION Most pharmacopoeias include a simple weight test on a specified number of tablet(N) which are weight individually and the arithmetic mean weight calculated.Limitations on the number of test tablets that may lie outside certain limits are than specified.However,in the USP the results of the assay are used to convert these weights into active ingredients content. EQUIPMENTS Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) METHOD Twenty tablets of every samples were taken randomly and eight individually, and then average weight was determined. LIMITS According to USP not more than two of the tablets must not differ by more than the percentage listed below, no tablet differs by more than double that percentage. Tablets that are coated are exempt from these requirements but most conform to the test for content uniformity if it is applicable. The USP has provided tolerance for the average weight of uncoated compressed tablets. These are applicable when the tablets contain 50mg or more of the drug substances or when the matter comprises 50% or more, by weight, of the dosage form. Average Weight %age Difference 130mg or less 10 â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾130mg to 324 mg 7.5 More than 324mg 5 ASSAY: AMLODIPINE BESYLATE REAGENTS 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide in Methanol Dimethyl formamide (DMF) STANDARD SOLUTION 50mcg/ml of Amlodipine Besylate in DMF. SAMPLESOLUTION Extract appropriate quantity of powdered sample with DMF to get concentration of 50mcg/ml. PROEDURE To 2ml each of sample and standard solution, add 0.2ml of Sodium hydroxide solution and dilute to 10ml with DMF and measure the absorption of orange chromatogen at 450nm against reagent blank. Calculate the contents of amlodipine by comparison.(237) AMLODIPINE BESYLATE The tablets comply with the requirment stated under tablet and with the following requirment. CONTENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE C20H25ClN2O5,C6H6O3S 97.0% to 102.0% (Anhydrous substance) CHEMICALS Sodium hydroxide pellets Methanol N-N Dimethyl Formamide EQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARES Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC ) Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England) Volumetric Flask (10ml,Pyrex England) Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England) Pipettes (2ml Pyrex England) Conical Flasks (Pyrex England) Beaker (Pyrex England) Filter paper (Whatman #42) METHOD Weigh and powder 20tablets of amlodipine Besylate 5mg (DC). Take quantity of the powder containing 5mg of amlodipine Besylate (average weight) in a 100ml volumetric flask and add N-N Dimethyl Formamide into it and mix thoroughly with the help of magnetic stirrer and then make up the volume up to 100ml.Then take 2ml from first dilution into a 10ml volumetric flask, add 0.2l of 0.1N Sodium hydroxide solution in 10ml volumetric flask then make up volume with N-N Dimethyl Formamide.Then take the absorbance at 450nm on spectrophotometer and calculate the content of amlodipine Besylate. CALCULATION (AMLODIPINE BESYLATE mgtablet) % ASSAY = Abs of sp X__ 100 Abs of STD UNIFORMITY OF CONTENT The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the assay of the individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine whether the individual contents are within limits set with reference to the average content of the sample. Tablets containing highly potent medicaments present in milligram or microgram does may be subject to a large inter tablet variation. This may be due to failure to achieve a homogenous mix of active ingredient and exciient during manufacture. The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations and in other justified and authorized circumstances. Methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Using a suitable analytical method determines the individual contents of active substance(s) of 10 dosage units taken at random. Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the monograph for the dosage form in question. Test A Tablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injection Test B Capsules, powders other than for parenteral use, granules, suppositories, pessaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Test C Transdermal patches Test A Tablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ The preparation complies with the test if each individual content is between 85 per cent and 115 per cent of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent of the average content. If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 percent to 115 percent but within the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent, determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units taken at random. The preparation complies with the test if not more than one of the individual contents of the 30 units is outside 85 percent to 115 percent of the average content and none is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 per cent of the average content. CONTENT UNIFORMITY C.U = Abs of Sample X wt of std X 100 X 100 Abs of STD X 100 X LC * LC =Label claim DISSOLUTION This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements for solid dosage forms administered orally. Apparatus 1 (Basket apparatus)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ the assembly consists of the following: a vessel, which may be covered, made of glass or other inert, transparent material a motor; a drive shaft; and a cylindrical basket (stirring element). The vessel is partially immersed in a suitable water-bath of any convenient size or heated by a suitable device such as a heating jacket. The water-bath or heating device permits maintaining the temperature inside the vessel at 37  ± 0.5  °C during the test and keeping the dissolution medium in constant, smooth motion. No part of the assembly, including the environment in which the assembly is placed, contributes significant motion, agitation, or vibration beyond that due to the smoothly rotating stirring element. Apparatus that permits observation of the preparation and stirring element during the test is preferable. The vessel is cylindrical, with a hemispherical bottom and a capacity of 1 litre. Its height is 160-210 mm and its inside diamete r is 98-106 mm. Its sides are flanged at the top. A fitted cover may be used to retard evaporation.2 The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm at any point from the vertical axis of the vessel and rotates smoothly and without significant wobble that could affect the results. A speed-regulating device is used that allows the shaft rotation speed to be selected and maintained at a specified rate, within  ± 4 per cent. Shaft and basket components of the stirring element are fabricated of stainless steel, type 316 or equivalent, to the specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-1. A basket having a gold coating of about 2.5  µm (0.0001 inch) thick may be used. The dosage unit is placed in a dry basket at the beginning of each test. The distance between the inside bottom of the vessel and the bottom of the basket is maintained at 25  ± 2 mm during the test. Apparatus 2 (Paddle apparatus)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Use the assembly from Apparatus 1, except that a paddle formed from a blade and a shaft is used as the stirring element. The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm from the vertical axis of the vessel, at any point, and rotates smoothly without significant wobble that could affect the results. The vertical center line of the blade passes through the axis of the shaft so that the bottom of the blade is flush with the bottom of the shaft. The paddle conforms to the specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-2. The distance of 25  ± 2 mm between the bottom of the blade and the inside bottom of the vessel is maintained during the test. The metallic or suitably inert, rigid blade and shaft comprise a single entity. A suitable two-part detachable design may be used provided the assembly remains firmly engaged during the test. The paddle blade and shaft may be coated with a suitable coating so as to make them inert. The dosage unit is allowed to sink to the bottom of the vessel before rotation of the blade is started. A small, loose piece of non-reactive material, such as not more than a few turns of wire helix, may be attached to dosage units that would otherwise float. An alternative sinker device is shown in Figure 2.9.3.-3. Other validated sinker devices may be used. DISSOLUTION MEDIUMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ 1.2 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED Htdrochloric Acid (Merck grade) Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 0.1N HCl was used as 1.2pH buffer media. 4.5 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (Merck,Germany) Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 6.8gm of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate in1000ml DI water and adjust pH with Phosphoric acid. 6.8 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIA REAGENTS USED 0.2M Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate 0.1M Sodium hydroxide Distilled and deionized water PREPARATION 0.2M KH2PO4 13.61gm of Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate in 500ml DI water. 0.1MNaOH 4gm in 500ml DI water. 6.8pH Buffer 250ml of 0.2M KH2PO4 and 112ml of 0.1MNaOH to make 1000ml with DI water. CALCULATION % age drug release = Abs of sp X100 Abs of STD SAMPLING SCHEDULE Sample were drawn at 5min then After 10min After 15min After 20min After 30min After 45min After 60min After 120min EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS Usual experimental conditions are e.g.: Apparatus: paddle/basket â‚ ¬Ã‚  Volume of dissolution medium: 900 ml â‚ ¬Ã‚  Temperature of the dissolution medium: 37  °C ±1 °C â‚ ¬Ã‚  Agitation: paddle apparatus usually 50 rpm, basket apparatus usually 100 rpm â‚ ¬Ã‚  Sampling schedule: e.g.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min â‚ ¬Ã‚  Buffer: pH 1.2 (0.1 N HCl or SGF without enzymes), pH 4.5, and pH 6.8 (or SIF withoutenzymes); (pH should be ensured throughout the experiment; Ph.Eur. buffers recommended) CHEMICALS Buffer 1.2 pH (0.1N HCl) Buffer 4.5 pH Buffer 6.8 pH EQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARES Dissolution paddle apparatus Distillation plant Electronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S) UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC ) Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England) Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England) Pipettes graduated(2ml Pyrex England) Conical Flasks (Pyrex England) Beaker (Pyrex England) Filter paper (Whatman #42) PREPARATION OF STANDERD Accurately weight the standard and poured it into 100ml volumetric flask. The volume was made with the respective buffer and mixed,the stock solution was obtained. Then pippet out 1.1ml from the stock solution into another volumetric flask again made the volume with the respective buffer solution .Mixed it properly by shaking that was the first dilution and the required strength of standard was achieved to analyse. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE Placed the tablets of each brand into the vessel of paddle dissolutionhaving 900ml of resoective dissolution media. Switch on the apparatus and collect the sample according to the respective sampling interval that is 5min, 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 45min, 60min, and 120min. Every time the withdrawn media was replaced by the freh media.

Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with Morrie :: Essays Papers

Mitch Albom's Tuesdays with Morrie Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart. A man who lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. It is a story of a special bond of friendship that was lost for many years, but never forgotten and simply picked up again at a crucial time of both Morrie’s and Mitch’s lives. When Morrie learned that he had only a few months to live with the deadly disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Morrie began the last class of his life with Mitch – life’s greatest lesson. Throughout the last fourteen weeks of Morrie’s life, Mitch met with him every Tuesday to learn and understand all of the wisdom and lessons of life that were within Morrie. The weekly routine consisted of lunch and lecture. These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. From the relationship that these men had with each, a love is revealed like no other love resembles. This is a love of friendship and of respect. Such a bond between people is difficult to achieve. Their relationship consists of an â€Å"unembarrassed love† that is constantly present. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience a simplicity of life, something beyond life’s most challenging and unanswered mysteries. From Morrie, we learn that life is most happily experienced when enjoyed and fulfilled to its highest ability. Morrie shares this with Mitch in the last days of his life and these great lessons will be carried and practiced throughout Mitch’s life. After reading Tuesdays with Morrie I felt a sense of discovery. Morrie Schwartz was a man that touched the lives of many. He will always be remembered for his sincerity and his compassion for life and for love. The lessons that Morrie loved to teach were of his own experience with life. These great lessons were full of wisdom and love and they came deep from within Morrie. I enjoyed reading this book by