Enforcing Arbitration Agreements and Awards for non-signatories in Essay

Enforcing Arbitration Agreements and Awards for non-signatories in International Commercial Arbitration - Law - Essay Example However, the main focus of comparison of information used in and throughout this report will proceed to brake down and give actual facts of participation, pertaining mainly to non-signatories when they become involved or as in many instances avoid involvement altogether tying in the obstacles and many challenges that simultaneously includes themselves during International Commercial Arbitration for non-signatory issues. Showing how joining non-signatories to arbitration in each new development so as to keep down increased incidence of unfair practices during separation and illegal usage of power and authority cornering judgments and official decrees of agreements. Non-signatories arbitration rights which have been in connection to International Commercial arbitration during past mediation matters are relatively rare occurrences, but in recent times it has become quite common place for most companies to use a more standard form of arbitration being a simplified formation that does cre ate a more legally fit system for up to date court rules that has compelled non-signatories to choose to avoid involvement altogether. ... he arbitration clause have one element in common: namely the element that justice would not seem to be done.’ Pepperdine Dispute Resolution, Law Journal, 2004: p.469 Arbitral Commencement During a commencement of functional arbitral duties, the arbitral community seeks to show that arbitration is a mediated dispute that works to settle up a resolution of choice between to parties that have some sort of binding contract between each other. These issues are usually quite complex, especially when dealing with a multi-party that have multi-contracts which have become all tangled in a dispute of some sort. This is particularly a most challenging position for an arbitration committee to be involved in. However, there are differences that make the handling of a domestic dispute a little harder than when dealing with an international issue that have been in a working process of business with each other. The courts of the Untied States will usually seek to handle the laws in awarding t he judgments toward each of the respective parties. Although this is a usual occurrence, it does not always happen this way when dealing with foreign disputes. In these cases there are special convention laws that have been set in place to handle such situations in a specific manner. First let’s get a better feel for what the statement word of convention means when dealing with business arbitration. A convention is a formal agreement between nations. It used when there is a specific law or ordinance that is used to set in place the rules of engagement being in business, war, or any issue that deals in a binding agreement between nations. These types of conventions will govern with authority the do’s the don’ts and all the consequences that follow disobedience. Now, there is one particular

Bangladeshi Women in Bricklane Essay Example for Free

Bangladeshi Women in Bricklane Essay â€Å"I always said I will not marry and be sent far away. I will go no farther than these paddy fields. But our mother told us we must not run from our fate. What cannot be changed must be borne. The test of life is to endure.† Through such representation of gender and focus on history and dislocation, Monica Ali has extended the migrant voice in British fiction. In her stunningly accomplished debut novel Brick Lane (2003) which also got adapted in a film four years later, Ali tries to reconstitute the traditional Bangladeshi culture in a London East End setting. She uses her characters to explore the positioning of Bangladeshi women within Britain, as the novel focuses on their social relations inside and outside the home. This paper aims to explore whether Monica Ali’s novel Brick Lane (2003) and Sarah Gavron’s controversial screen adaptation of the same name (2007) can open up avenues to discuss a new, if problematic, inclusion of Bangladeshi women in the transnational world; and also to gauze the similarities and dissimilarities within the two. Both the novel and the film created a controversy among the Bangladeshi community living in London because they found problems with Monica Ali’s negative portrayal of their community members as being illiterate and backward, which they considered insulting. They claimed that the novel encouraged â€Å"pro-racist, anti-social stereotypes†. Brick Lane is the story of the Bangladeshi Muslim community living in the East End of London and in particular, that of Nazneen, her husband Chanu and Hasina, Nazneen’s good looking sister, who resides in Bangladesh and who was disowned by her family for flouting the traditional arranged marriage system which she did by eloping with her lover and marrying him at the age of sixteen. Hasina’s chaotic day to day life in Dhaka is revealed to us through a series of regular, candid and sometimes terribly despondent letters sent to her sister in London in pidgin English. Nazneen often reminisces about her happy, innocent and carefree childhood in her little village in the countryside of Bangladesh with her younger sister Hasina, which now contrasts with her despairing life in her dingy flat in a tall block in the Tower Hamlets. After an arranged marriage with Chanu, who is already established in London and who is unattractive and twice her age, Nazneen arrives in London at the age of seventeen. The women moving to London and Tower Hamlets in particular had to adapt coming from a rural peasant society to a hostile urban culture. What Brick Lane does is show this transition and the impact migration has on women’s lives. Monica Ali’s novel shows how, after migration, the position of women in families and in the wider community undergoes a considerable transformation. What Nazneen refuses to do is to see herself and her culture as inferior or alien. Here ethnicity becomes a source of positivity rather than stigmatised identity. The high rates of poverty characteristic of Bangladeshi households are shown in the novel, coupled with the overwhelming sense of isolation faced by the female characters and their reliance on their male counterparts. Consequently, the overall context of the novel presents a picture of deprivation and hardships for Bangladeshis in Britain. Nazneen who can’t speak English has to adapt to her new life in a foreign country with a husband who, although basically kind-hearted, is disheartened for not being able to fulfil his dreams and carry his plans to completion. He believes himself to be above most of the Bangladeshi community members who are uneducated and lacking a great deal of elegance. Chanu scorns the attitude of his superiors who fail to recognise his talent and genius. He keeps a high opinion of himself which makes him a conceited, funny character despite his lucidity and his awareness of the conflict between the first and second generation immigrant, which, to his horror, was portrayed by his eldest daughter Shahana and which made him decide to repatriate his entire family to Bangladesh. The novel is challenging in an overwhelming way the strong element of fate. Nazneen and Hasina are two characters through which Ali explores two images of femininity. Nazneen has been the good daughter who accepted an arranged marriage and her younger rebellious sister Hasina was the bad daughter who takes her fate into her own hands by eloping with the man she loved and was consequently disowned by her father. Nazneen accepted her fate yet Hasina rebelled to create her own. Hasina’s western-style attempt at romantic freedom, contradicts the traditional structures of Bangladeshi society within which she lives and within which her sister is immersed in the Diaspora. Both the sisters face problems settling with their husbands, and ultimately both have relationships with younger men. Though Nazneen carried out small rebellious acts at the beginning of her marriage, her aspiration for liberty started with her attraction to the handsome, young political enthusiast, Karim, which evolved into a physical and financial independence and the discovery of her freedom of choice in a patriarchal community. Nazneen is plain â€Å"not beautiful, but not so ugly either† and in contrast her sister Hasina is â€Å"beautiful and feisty†. (Ali 17). Hasina defines herself in contrast to the activities around her and Nazneen defines herself against the talkativeness of her husband. Through these transnational links, Nazneen and Hasina become embodiments of womanhood in two different but connected locations. Monica Ali endeavours to explore the impact of migration for those within the Bangladeshi Diaspora. Ali seems to suggest that within the context of Diaspora women are more Bangladeshi than the Bangladeshis in Bangladesh. We learn how those in Britain replicate the social practices and norms of Bangladesh so that the culture also migrates to Britain with the people: â€Å"through the open window, drifted wafts of music and snatches of currymain meals were cooked at all times of the day and night†. (Ali 189). Yet in contrast, those who remain in Bangladesh are adapting to the changes occurring in society. Hasina acts as if she is the person who has shifted geographically to another country. She appears more modern in her thinking in contrast to her sister, who appears more traditional. The two women placed within the two different localities also enable Ali to show how social practices and social relations change in the two locations. Within the context of Britain, Nazneen witnesses changes in the images of Bangladeshi femininity among her friends, who become more westernised. The seventeen-year old, once subdued and obedient wife, matures into a forthright independent woman. She discovers her own force and will power, something she was unaware of. She decides that she will no more be controlled by fate, she will take her own decisions, like not following her husband by going back to their homeland. She will remain in London, she will work and look after herself and her two daughters. She takes this decision because her daughters are way too comfortable in London, and they don’t want to go back ‘home’ to Bangladesh. London is ‘home’ for them, and that’s when Nazneen realized that she was seventeen when she came here and now she’s thirty-four, so she has lived half of her life here. This is home, and this is where her daughters want to be. This is where she found her independence and her voice in her own ways. She wears her sari. She has not started wearing trousers or cut her hair short. In her very own way, she has found a voice and she is comfortable with that here. Nazneen thus starts to believe in herself and realizes that she is capable of taking charge of her own destiny. The Bangladesh Nazneen refers to is different to other Bangladesh Hasina writes about in her letters. The contrasts between Tower hamlets and Bangladesh are shown, for example by the fact that Nazneen comes from an idyllic, warm, green environment quite unlike the England of dead grass, broken paving stones and net curtains. Hasina’s letters dispel the myth that Bangladesh is still rural. Rather it is now urban and violent. A more dangerous Bangladesh with corrupt politicians dominates the letters. Hasina describes to her sister how the garment girls have become branded as sexually immoral due to their working in close proximity to men. The patriarchal world of Bangladesh mirrors the patriarchy practiced within Britain, but is stronger. For example, Hasina, left without the protection of a husband, is raped, then forced to become a prostitute to survive and her friend (Monju) is murdered by her husband drenching her in acid. While Hasina works within a factory as a machinist, her sister, in the liberated environment of the West, also resorts to working as a machinist, but in purdah within the environs of home. For Nazneen, Britain is loaded with negativity, and it fails to accumulate the warmth and security she experienced in Bangladesh. Nazneen treats her loneliness through anti-depressants which baffles her sister: â€Å"I do not know what kind of pill can cure disease of sadness†. (Ali 143). Nazneen is disappointed with Britain and recollects Bangladesh with fondness, a nostalgia that provides the framework within which the story is located. Monica Ali uses the cluttered room where Nazneen lives as a metaphor for her protagonists’ state of mind. It becomes even more cluttered over the course of the novel. When Bangladesh is presented it is done so with space; however, the restrictiveness of England is stressed through the feelings of claustrophobia. Nazneen’s perception of Britain for much of the novel is not only contained within the environment of her flat, but also when she gazes out of her window. Her London is restricted to her locality: outside her window she sees â€Å"dead grass and broken paving stones† (Ali 12), â€Å"cycle racks which no one was foolhardy enough to use†, and round the corner is a playground that has shrunk to one decrepit roundabout. Nazneen evokes an image of Britain which is dark and grey and congested â€Å"a roaring metal army tearing up the road† (Ali 33). The poverty in Tower Hamlets is also emphasised if not exaggerated by Nazneen as she ventures out of the home, and â€Å"stepped over an empty cigarette carton, a brick and a syringe† (Ali 380). Although Nazneen’s husband Chanu has a degree from Dhaka University, they live in a grotty tower block in Tower Hamlets, where the paint flakes off the â€Å"eczema-ridden walls†. Poverty, socio-economic deprivation, dominates the social fabric of Ali’s Bangladeshi society in Tower Hamlets. This deprivation is also evoked through Nazneen smelling â€Å"the overflowing communal bins† (Ali 13). All the more, the Bangladesh that is reflected in British society angers Chanu, Nazneen’s husband, as it perpetuates a derogatory image of Bangladesh through education. He despairs over what his children are taught about Bangladesh: â€Å"all she knows is about flood and famine. Whole bloody country is just a bloody basket case to her† (Ali 151). Even the image that Shahana has of Bangladesh is old and traditional. As she tells her sister, â€Å"just wait until you’re in Bangladeshyou’ll be married off in no timeyour husband will keep you locked up in a little smelly room and make you weave carpets all day long† (Ali 329). â€Å"In Bangladesh you’ll have to brush your teeth with a twig. They don’t have toothbrushes†(Ali 331). Brick Lane is a contemporary, and humane story, the characters are shown with all their complexities and are described realistically and in detail whether it’s Mrs Islam, the hypochondriac, evil and manipulative usurer, or Razia the friendly and strong will-powered neighbour, or Shahana, the refractory, provocative and westernised teenage-daughter, or the sweet second daughter, little Bibi who is even tempered, quiet and hard working. It is a post-colonial novel written with a great deal of compassion and optimistic hope. Sarah Gavron’s film that was screened in 2007 is closely related to the book in terms of important aspects like casting, themes and plot. A long shot shows the central protagonist Nazneen (Tannishtha Chatterjee) disappearing behind one of the many front doors dotting the monolithic faà §ade of a public housing block in East Central London. This concludes a seven-minute prologue in which director Sarah Gavron condenses the first hundred pages and more of Monica Alis 2003 source novel. Digitally colorized shots of 1970s and 1980s Bangladesh indicate the extent to which Nazneen has idealized her memories of growing up in that time and place, her close relationship with younger sister Hasina (Zafreen) an especial source of reverie. A rural Bangladeshi childhood remembered as idyll ends, however, with the suicide of the girls mother. Consequently, their father arranges marriage between Nazneen, now a teenager, and the significantly older Chanu (Satish Kaushik), an immigrant living in London and a man she has never met. Some fifteen years later, thirty-something Nazneen is shown walking through and around Brick Lane, one of the most ethnically diverse neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom. Ghosting through a multicultural urban milieu radically different from that she was born into, she speaks to no one, slips ever further from the following camera, and disappears finally behind the front door of a flat as cramped and constricting as her monotonous existence—dutiful wife, mother, and nothing more. She is shown as raising two daughters: â€Å"Shahana† and â€Å"Bibi.† Bibi (Lana Rahman) is still young, sweet, and compliant, but Shahana (Naeema Begum) is a teenager with raging hormones and a sharp tongue. Nazneen and Chanus ossified marriage is changed irrevocably when the former buys a sewing machine. She does so through necessity as much as choice, driven by the need to financially support her family, husband, and daughters Shahana and Bibi , after Chanu resigns his job, disillusioned by his persistent failure to win promotion. Yet a purchase which seems initially to confirm Nazneens domestic incarceration yet further—not working from home but home as work—brings her into contact with British-born Karim (Christopher Simpson), the young man who delivers garments to her flat for finishing. She begins an affair with him, and the emotional and physical self-confidence this engenders allows Nazneen to assert, eventually, her presence and identity within the immediate family unit. Yet the seemingly clear-cut contrast between Karim and Chanu and the divergent futures they seem to promise Nazneen become more complicated as Brick Lane progresses. Karim comes to seem less attractive than at first, Chanu more so. The formers marked physical and cultural differences from the latter (young, fit, second-generation, British-Bangladeshi vs. old, fat, first-generation, Bangladeshi-British) cannot disguise the fact that he is equally inclined to idealize Nazneen as archetype not individual. Its Chanu who valorizes her as a living example of the ‘girl from the village’ in the early pages of Alis novel. Crucially, however, theres no interpretative violence in transferring those words to Karims mouth in Gavrons film. Meanwhile, Chanu is shown to possess significant redeeming qualities obscured by his complacent, corpulent exterior. He loves his family deeply and is horrified equally by the rise of Western anti-Muslim and Muslim anti-Western sentiment in the wake of 9/11. Chanu is able to view this process with far more humanistic caution and historical context than Karim can or will. Ultimately, Nazneen ends her affair with Karim, while Chanu agrees to return to Bangladesh on his own. Liberated, albeit not in the sense that Brick Lane seems initially to promise, Nazneen stays behind in London with her two daughters. Wider context—the effect of 9/11 on Western Muslims, the changing role and self-image of immigrant communities within contemporary British society, the ongoing, intergenerational debates about tradition, gender and religious identity within those groups—are all glimpsed fleetingly from Nazneens perspective. The main effect, though, is to impress upon viewers just how cloistered her vantage point is. Ultimately, Brick Lane temporarily imprisons the world-view of all who watch it behind bars made from net curtain. This is so even while the film ostensibly supports Nazneens quiet attempts to break free from something approaching a state of psychological house arrest. Brick Lane is a real place, and it’s been the centre of the British garment district ever since Huguenot refugees brought their looms from France in the early 18th century, followed by waves of poor Irishmen and Ashkenazi Jews. Brick Lane was however, filmed in the financial district that is synonymous with the books real location. The novel as compared to the film sets up the location more exotically like a mini version of Bangladesh, with the smells of spicy food, colourful fashions and emphasis on religion. For the film, one was expected to picture a colourful setting that transported the reader to another world. Though Brick Lane in the film does create its own world, it lacks the lustre brought out in the novel, and definitely was not reflecting any part of South Asia. The scenes in Bangladesh gave more of a contrast to London life, unlike the book, where Nazneen seems to still be tied to her homeland. The book documents her memories as if she had not left the village. For example, Nazneen does not leave the house, allowing her to limit her exposure to English culture. The film demonstrates a sharper contrast of her surroundings mostly through the addition of Nazneen leaving the flat to do the shopping. The shopping allows her more freedom and; thus, more information is acquired about England. The film effectively provided the atmosphere of Chanu and Nazneens flat. In the novel, Bangladesh provided richer local descriptions compared to London, because Nazneen did not dwell on the details of her flat. She only mentions some decorations. The film gives the opportunity to see the living arrangement in London from the complex she lives in with Chanu. The film emphasizes the close quarters and the weather to portray a cold representation of London, differing a lot from the vibrant frolicking in the lush and long Bangladeshi grass of the two sisters. Even at the end of the film, Nazneen is shown making snow angels with her daughters, as if she has conquered the cold. The casting was terrific. Chanu, Shahana and Bibi gave compelling performances that mirrored the characters in the book. Chanu especially is exactly the way one visualizes him on the basis of the novel. To understand Nazneen one had to make sure to read the novel because then one would know the thoughts in her head that she did not always say. Tannishtha Chatterjee, the actress who starred as Nazneen, faced a challenge in this role, because so much of the character was about not saying anything. Silence also played a big role in the film, which sometimes contributed to the action and other times made the movie too slow. The novel captivates the reader by the sensory details, mystical connections to Bangladesh, and curiosities about English culture. The film uses silence to provoke the audiences response to the vivid scenes in Bangladesh while also building up to the climax. Though the climax is not surprising to the reader or film goer, the novel was more effective in showing Nazneens struggle and confrontation with disaster. The novel created tensions leading up to Nazneens inability to react. The film on the other hand, relied too much on silence for plot points to emerge. The reader tends to miss Nazneen’s rebellion since it’s all done in silence. Overall, rebellion and freedom are downplayed in the film probably to emphasize the idea of fate. Hasina, Nazneens sister is the source of scandal in the novel and could have been more present in the film. She acts almost as a ghostly figure, sometimes only mentioned through voice, when Nazneen pictures her whispering in her ear. The film also glamorizes her experience in Bangladesh, as if she has the freedom to fall in love. The letters in the novel describe the opposite with violence to women and hard work conditions. In the film, Hasinas true situation is exposed by Chanu, who hears from his cousin that she has become a prostitute. However, then Nazneen falls ill, and the audience is left in confusing hallucinations, wondering if Chanu was trying to be mean to his wife or was actually speaking the truth. This inconsistency between reality and fantasy is evident in both the book and the film. Chanu glorifies Bangladesh in both the mediums. Nazneen reflects on her memories from her childhood in Bangladesh, but is grounded in the reality of London. For example, she cannot depend on Chanu to be responsible, when he cannot hold down a job and continues to insist that they will return to Dhaka. She does not point out his failures, the same way she does not point out Karims, but acknowledges her realistic priorities. Some include the disaster that Shahana would encounter in Bangladesh, and another would be breaking up with Karim and needing to be on her own. The American trailer of the film also illustrates this dichotomy, advertising the movie as more dramatic and scandalous. Perhaps the closeness of the text to the film adaptation is another way to enhance the themes of the original story. Much of Brick Lane takes place within Nazneens cluttered, unremarkable home, but this is rendered a fascinating, richly expressive setting through accomplished, considered use of technique by director Sarah Gavron and her key colleagues. Carefully calibrated expressionistic exaggerations of colour abound to communicate Nazneens largely unspoken inner life. Green sequins on a girls top reflect on her face to show her initial entrancement with Karim; sunlight filtered through gauzy red curtains turns the dingy prison of her marital bedroom into a boudoir when he occupies it with her. Likewise, Gavrons movement of camera and attention to framing are evocative and subtle in equal measure. If, as noted at the outset, one of the first shots in Brick Lane can be seen to sum up both the films project and a range of possible responses to it, something similar can be said of the movies final image. With Chanu back in Bangladesh, it is now winter in London. Nazneen and her daughters play joyfully in the snow-covered square at the front of their apartment block, inhabitants of a climate, and by extension a culture, diametrically opposed to the monsoon conditions the teenaged Nazneen and Hasina frolic in at the film’s early moments. A birds-eye aerial shot of mother and daughters lying on the ground, waving their arms and legs, cuts to a medium shot of Nazneen on her own. The reader might get the impression here that Nazneens unassuming victory is also Brick Lanes. She extricates herself from the oppressive expectations placed upon her by virtue of the body and respective cultures she was born and migrated into. So too the film respectfully declines the received agenda of responsibilities imposed upon it in light of its British Asian subject matter and cultural provenance. Brick Lane is not a film finely crafted and beautifully performed in order to mask or compensate for its evasion of inarguable ethno-political duties. Rather, its sensuous pleasures and humane insights expand the range of what the political might be, and rethink the relative scale on which it might be expected to loom, within an important tradition of contemporary British film. Thus, both the mediums, reciprocating each other, have successfully rendered the portrayal of Bangladeshi women in the transnational world with a subtlety and expertise that is seldom to be seen. WORKS CITED Ali, Monica. Brick Lane. Black Swan. Great Britain. (2003). Print. Brick Lane. Dir. Sarah Gavron. Perf. Tannishtha Chatterjee, Satish Kaushik and Christopher Simpson. Ruby Films.(2007). Film. Lea, Richard and Lewis, Paul. â€Å"Local protests over Brick Lane film†. Gaurdian. (Monday 17 July,2006). Web. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/jul/17/film.uk Hussain, Yasmin. Writing Diaspora: South Asian Women, Culture and Ethnicity. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. England. (2005). Print. McLeod, John. The Routledge Companion to Postcolonial Studies. Routledge. London. (2007). Print. Mukherjee, Meenakshi and Trivedi, Harish. Interrogating Post-Colonialism: Theory, Text and Context. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Shimla. (1989). Print. Sinha, Sunita. Post-Colonial Women Writers: New Perspectives. Atlantic Publishers Distributors (P) Ltd. New Delhi. (2008). Print.

The Fate of Food Essay -- Health, Unethical Methods, Chemicals

The Fate of Food The hidden methods used to produce the food we consume today are unethical. These methods include the usage of chemicals, and abuse of workers and animals. The process of producing food goes on everyday but as consumers, we are unaware of how it is done. A vast majority of Americans are not aware of the highly mechanized structure of the industrial food system. Determined to capitalize on profit and production, social responsibility and food safety has taken a backseat to the industrial food system. The three most significant problems of the industrial food system are animal cruelty, the lack of biodiversity, and the treatment of farm workers, and these problems can be resolved by creating more efficient food agencies, government subsidies for small organic farmers, and agencies that protect farmers’ rights). The industrial food system is the cause of animal cruelty because of factory farms. The treatment of farm animals is â€Å"barbaric† (Blatt 2008, 195). The procedure for raising farm animals is inhumane. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) is a process of the industrial farming system that separates animals from their natural habitat and confines them into farmhouses with thousands of other livestock. (Walsh 2009) In modern factory farms, animals are crowded into dirty, windowless farmhouses and cramped in â€Å"wire cages†, and â€Å"gestation crates†. (Niman 2009, 101) Hogs for example are confined in these factory farms for twenty-four hours a day. This raises a lot of issues because these animals will never have the chance to raise their families, enjoy free-range, or roam in grassy fields. Newborn piglets are separated from their mothers. The animals are deprived of access to fresh air and are fed through ... ...d health. I propose the creation of the Farm Workers’ Labor Protection Agency (FWLPA). Through the FWLPA, farmworkers can address their concerns without fear of being fired or deported. The FWLPA will work with OSHA to apply its safety standards to individual farms. Farmers prior to being hired will be taught safety standards and ESL classes will be provided twice a week to immigrant farmers who do not speak English. Workers’ compensation, living conditions, and wages will be respected as part of the FWLPA’s standards which will include a $10 dollar starting pay, and overtime pay. Industrial farm workers face dangerous work conditions and should be rewarded accordingly. With the creation of new and efficient agencies, the industrial food system in the United States will lower health issues, protect animals and workers’ rights, and develop a sustainable strategy.

The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers

The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30. The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays Papers The Industrial Revolution Imagine living in a world in which rights governed society. The people participate in a free market, and property is seen as "an inviolable and sacred right" that cannot be taken away.(1) This glorious idea is called liberalism. Liberalism emerged whole-heartedly during the Nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution. Followers of liberalism believe in the rights of the individual, especially the right to property. Early in its developement, this idea caused deep clashes between the middle class, called the bourgeoisie, and the working class, called the proletariat. These clashes created opposition to the liberal movement; communism became the supporter of this opposition. Many philosophers pushed the development of liberalism. The most persuasive were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. Smith is often considered the founder of liberalism. Smith "looked forward to a new world, which would escape the sophistry and meanness of medieval Christian thought, but would recourse to...authoritarian political oppression."(2) Smith wanted to make profits with little risk involved. He also believed a constitutional government would prevent government intervention with markets. Free markets allowed for more and cheaper goods, and they would benefit the greatest amount of people the greatest amount of the time. This was called laissez-faire. Smith also believed the state should be responsible for the "stipends of the priests."(3) This was government intervention of an individual right, freedom of religion. Because of Smith's beliefs towards religion, he was somewhat unpopular among Nineteenth-century liberals. These liberals chose to disregard Smith as the founder and preferred to regard David Ricardo... ...irtue; The Moral and Political Foundations of The Wealth of Nations, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 193. - Athol Fitzgibbons, Adam Smith's System of Liberty Wealth. and Virtue, 159. - Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Brief Edition, Volume II, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996), 523. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 141. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 125. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 126-7. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 519. - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/2 - Dr. Darrow. Lecture notes. 10/14 - Karl Marx, "The Communist Manifesto," in Sources for the Humanities: Hisotory and Religious Studies, First ed., 48. - Kagan, The Western Heritage, 515. - Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 30.

Barriers to entry

In the theory of competition in the field of economics, barriers to entry refer to the obstacles that a firm faces in entering a certain market. Barriers to entry are made to block prospective competitors from entering a market valuably. These are designed to protect or secure the monopoly power of the present and existing firms in a market hence maintaining monopoly gains or profits in the long run.Barriers to entry are an incumbent firm’s source of pricing power since it gives a firm such capability to raise or increase their prices without losing their customers. There are many forms of barriers to entry into market. One of the more known and important barriers to entry are government regulations. Through such regulations entry in one’s market may be more difficult or even impossible. There are other extreme cases where the government make competition unlawful hence creating a statutory monopoly in the country.This type of barrier can be in the form of permits, licen ses or tariffs that in turn raises the investment required in entering a market thus establishing an efficient barrier to entry. Another type of barrier to entry is marketing or advertising. By spending greatly on advertising that new firms find difficult to do, present or incumbent firms, make it hard for new entrants to penetrate the market. Sunk cost, is another form of barrier to entry. Sunk costs are costs that a firm cannot recover once it decides to leave the industry.In turn, sunk costs strengthen the risk and discourage entry for new firms. Research and development can also be a barrier to entry in a market. Strong spending by one firm on its research and development can be a great restriction to potential competitors to a certain industry. Concentrated research by incumbent firms makes them more competitive in the industry thus giving them edge and structural advantage over prospective competitors. Barriers to entry indeed limit competition in an industry or market.There a re several more barriers to entry such as control of resources, distributor agreements, and economy of scale, investment, intellectual property, supplier agreements, predatory pricing, and a lot more. All of these are hindrances that new firms may encounter when trying to penetrate a market or industry. Works Cited Geroski, Paul. Barriers to Entry and Strategic Competition (Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics). New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam

Tips for How to Prepare for an Oral Exam Oral exams–tests during which teachers ask students to answer exam questions aloud–can be undoubtedly stressful, but there are a number of ways to prepare for nontraditional testing or reporting methods like this. Though oral exams are most common for language learners, they are increasingly prevalent across other subjects because they allow teachers to cater syllabuses to students with a variety of  learning styles. Key Takeaways Stay positive during your exam preparations.Oral exams can be stressful, but they are valuable practice for potential future interviews.Know your subject better than you think you need, and practice using movement intentionally to emphasize your main points.Don’t forget to eat well, sleep enough, and drink plenty of water leading up to your exam. Exercise can also help release nervous energy.Take your time answering questions during your exam, and don’t be afraid to ask for help if you need it!   Stay Positive Instead of psyching yourself out about what could possibly go wrong, remind yourself how much you have learned and what you have the chance to share with your teacher. An optimistic outlook can banish nerves and bring excitement to any exam. Even if you prefer traditional pen-and-paper tests, oral exams can help you succeed beyond the classroom. They provide you with valuable interview-like experience to prepare you to smash your future educational and career goals. Here are a few tips and tricks to help you prepare for your next oral exam.   Know Your Subject Successfully completing an oral exam starts with knowing the material you will be discussing. The best part about these kinds of tests is that you already have all the answers. Teachers won’t ask you anything you haven’t been taught, so you will only need to discuss the material that has been presented to you in lectures, text, and video. With that being said, there are a few things that will ease some of the pressure of reciting this learned material.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dig Deeper The best way to start preparing for an oral exam is to take a personal interest in the material. Knowing more about your topic than what is mandatory will help you predict questions that your teacher might ask. It will also give you more to talk about. Learn the background story of historical figures, authors, scientists, and explorers, even if you don’t think you need to. Many of the world’s greatest mathematical and scientific discoveries were only made because of something that happened in the discoverer’s person life. Did you know that Darwin was going to turn down his trip to the Galapagos because his father disapproved? The person we have to thank for On the Origin of Species is Darwin’s uncle (and father-in-law) who firmly believed Darwin’s discoveries would provide evidence to support Biblical claims.   Not only does digging deeper give you a better understanding of your topic, but you also have more content to talk about. If you if fully understand the ins and out of your subject, you won’t ever run out of things to say.   Predict Questions Now that you know your subject, you can begin to contemplate what your teacher might ask you. The best place to start is with the material you already have. Use previous quizzes and exams, essay prompts, and even the questions at the end of chapters to help you formulate answers. It will also be helpful for you to understand the general theme and purpose of your exam. Knowing the purpose of your exam–the topic on which you are being tested–makes crafting answers easier because you have a goal in mind. For example, if your geography teacher asks you how the climate and geographical feature affected the U.S. troops in Vietnam, you know that your answer should be built off of mountains, rivers, and weather patterns more than the success or failure of the troops because the exam is about geography. Similarly, your French teacher may ask you about a film you recently saw, but the content of the film doesn’t matter as much as your ability to conjugate verbs and use the past tense. When predicting questions, remember that one question can best asked a hundred different ways. Words like outline, describe, and detail are different ways of saying â€Å"tell me about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Be prepared for these trigger words by asking yourself the same question a few different ways. â€Å"Chunk† Your Content When crafting your answers, try to â€Å"chunk† or group bits of information together rather than trying to remember everything as a whole. Think about the way a book is written–not as one massive piece of text, but a story divided into digestible bits with a common thread that ties them all together. Turn your exam into a story so when your teachers asks you about the economic climate of Thailand after colonization, you can follow your thread through your story without being overwhelmed, and you can easily recall and answer confidently that Thailand was never technically colonized. Use Intentional Movements It is perfectly normal to move around when you are nervous–to fidget with your clothes, to not sit still, to pace back and forth–because movement is a way to release some of that nervous energy, but it can detract from what you are saying because your exam administrator is more focused on your actions. In order to combat distraction while still releasing nervous energy, practice intentional movements. Watch Yourself The best and easiest way to practice is to first know how you move. Sit or stand in front of a mirror or use a camera or a cell phone to you can record and re-watch yourself answering questions. Don’t think too much about how you should or shouldn’t move; this is just a self-assessment. Once you understand how you tend to release nervous energy, you can take the appropriate steps to make your movements more intentional and useful for your exam. Watch Others The greatest presenters and speakers in the world aren’t those who sit or stand completely still, but rather those who use movement and nonverbal communication to emphasize what they are saying. For example, speakers will often take three or four long strides toward the audience to emphasize the importance what they are saying. They use hand gestures and facial expressions that add to the significance of understanding of a topic. Before your oral exam, take some time to watch other speakers and presenters. This can be as simple as watching TED Talks on YouTube. Note how speakers sit, stand, or walk, how they gesture, and how they answer questions. Develop Intentional Movement Practice answering questions using movements and nonverbal communication that you have observed. Lay newspaper on the floor or under your seat to make you more conscious of your movements. If you can’t seem to steady your hands, hold on to a paperclip during your exam. And remember, movement to release nervous energy is perfectly normal, and the most important focus for your oral exam is the content, not your gestures. Physical and Mental Wellness You might have spent days, weeks, or even months preparing for your exam, but if you drink too much coffee or don’t get enough sleep, all that preparation could be in vain. Remember that taking care of yourself, both physically and mentally, is reflected in your capabilities and how you perform. Take care of your mind and body, and in turn, they will take care of you.   Nutrition In the days leading up to your exam, drink enough water (aim for eight large glasses every day), get enough sleep (adults need no less than seven hours of sleep per night), and eat whole, healthy foods. On the morning of the exam, eat a light, energizing breakfast, and limit your caffeine intake. You don’t need any extra jitters!   Exercise Remember that nervous energy we talked about earlier? It is caused by cortisol, the stress hormone. Increasing your heart rate eliminates cortisol. If you can, try to get to the gym in the days leading up to your exam.   Presentation There is something to be said about the clichà ©, dress well, test well. Pick out your clothes the night before so you don’t have to fumble through your closet in the morning. Wear something comfortable and breathable that you won’t need to tug at during your exam.   Take Your Time Teachers firing questions at you can feel overwhelming, but remember that there is no need to rush into your answers. Take a moment after each question to digest what information has just been requested from you and organize your thoughts accordingly. If your teacher asks you to describe Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas, take a moment to recall what your know about Columbus. You know how the voyage was funded, you know the names of the ships, you know how long the journey took because you prepared for the exam. Now that your thoughts are in order, begin to tell your teacher the story of the legendary voyage across the sea.   Ask For Help Your teachers and professors want you to succeed. They are there to help you reach your goals and prepare you for future career endeavors. Visit them before or after school, during breaks, at lunch, or during office hours. Meet with them if you are confused or stuck or you simply want to talk through an idea. Teachers are also normally the ones administering the oral exams, meaning they have created the criteria you need to meet to be successful. They are your most valuable resources and your strongest allies.

15 Essay Topics on the Internet History

15 Essay Topics on the Internet History Today, we’re writing about the history of the Internet. This is a three-part guide that will assist you in writing an excellent and highly proficient essay. In this guide, you’ll find some very interesting and informative facts on Internet’s history. The other two guides are briefly explained at the bottom of this page. Here are 20 facts on the Internet’s history to help you write a proficient essay: The term Internet was first coined by the US Department of Defense to ease internal communications. California became the birthplace of the first ever Internet communications to take place. The term World Wide Web came into existence in 1989 rather late after the first ever electronic computing devices. And the company that conceived it was NEXT, created by Steve Jobs. The first ever message to be sent using Internet communications or protocols was LO. This happened in Stanford as a user tried to type in LOGIN. The user’s name was Charley Kline, who at the time was a student at UCLA. After entering the first â€Å"L† and â€Å"O†, the system crashed, though about an hour later the system was recovered and the first message ever on the Internet was sent. The protocols for Internet were developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), a company which worked on early packet switching networks in 1970s which made it possible to join multiple networks. File sharing on the Internet was made possible in 1989 at McGill University due to an accident that closed their FTP server. Before that, sharing was only possible in point-to-point communications. It wasn’t available for a wide area network. Commercial ISPs (Internet service providers) emerged in the 1980s where the common man could now enjoy the advantages of being online. For the first time, the Internet was provided by the US government in some of the states. In 1995, the remaining restrictions were removed and the Internet was made widely available to the public. â€Å"Internet† is short for Internet Transmission Control. The term was somewhat abbreviated in 1974. In 1982, the name Internet was made official.   The term â€Å"surfing† came about in 1992 in New York by a lady who was new to the Internet.   According to various scientific schools of thought, telegraph machines are said to be the inspiration behind the Internet. But largely, it is accredited to a man named Leonard Kleinrock who wrote a paper called â€Å"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets†.   The Internet time is being maintained or tracked by a digital clock that was created in Colorado, which is so accurate that it will reportedly not make an error in 20 million years. This clock is responsible for maintaining Internet time.   Electronic emails came into being in 1972, and were ‘invented’ by Ray Tomlinson, a scientist from the University of Cambridge. This sophisticated invention introduced the difference between sender and receiver and could identify email addresses. Queen Elizabeth sent her first email in 1976, the first ever state leader to use the Internet for communication purposes. Around 3.2 billion people browse the web (worldwide), with Asians making the largest chunk totaling 1.7 billion users, which makes it around 45% of the total population. The Internet has also reached third world countries, and around 30% of the population in third world countries has Internet access. However, a good Internet connection is yet to reach many areas. The Internet is growing faster than the population, with the population change rate standing around 1.13%, and the Internet users are increasing at around 7%, with the user base expected to hit 4 billion in the next four years. Internet addiction is considered a disease in some parts of the world, including China where there are special treatment camps for Internet users. According to Tao Ran, China’s first Internet addiction treatment clinic’s director, around 40% of ‘patients’ suffer from hyperactivity due to the constant use of the Internet. In the year 1965, Mr. Donald Davies suggested a proposal of national data network which was based entirely on packet-switching. Althought his proposal of doing so wasn’t recognized nationally, Mr. Donald went on and made the Mark I packet-switched network in 1970. Mark I worked under real-life operational conditions and moreover fulfilled the needs of a multidisciplinary laboratory. In the later years, 1976 to be specific, the system became even more operational as around 75 terminal devices and 12 computers were connected, as the years progressed more were added until 1986 when it was replaced. ARPANET was the one it got replaced with and if we look at the history of the Internet we’d find that NPL and ARPANET were the first two networks that effectively and practically used packet switching. If we are to look at the history of the Internet, the French advanced just as quickly as the Americans did in packet switching. CYCLADES was the very first packet switching network which was designed and implemented by Louis Pouzin. It was seen in action in 1973, and was originally to be introduced to provide alternative options to the ARPANET design, which was still in its adolescence. CYCLADES was going to be a general system to support network research on a wider and a more multidirectional way. It was a complex and intricate system that was able to create a feedback system where the host was responsible for the data transfer. Before the introduction of CYCLADES, the network was responsible to do so, however due to CYCLADES’ end-to-end protocol system it was a better option to do so. These were 11 interesting facts on the Internet’s history through which you can extract some good material for your essay. The next part of this guide is 20 topics on Internet history for a proficient custom essay, and in the third part, titled, how to write a history essay on the Internet, we’ll have tips on how to create a similar essay. We wish you all the best for your research work. References: Peters, J. (2016). The idealist : Aaron Swartz and the rise of free culture on the Internet. New York: Scribner. Powers, S. Jablonski, M. (2015). The real cyber war : the political economy of Internet freedom. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Ryan, J. (2010). A history of the Internet and the digital future. London, England: Reaktion Books. Dechow, D., Struppa, D. Nelson, T. (2015). Intertwingled : the work and influence of Ted Nelson. Cham: Springer. Gillies, J. Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Birman, K. (2005). Reliable distributed systems : technologies, Web services, and applications. New York: Springer. Mueller, M. (2010). Networks and states the global politics of Internet governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Sculptures of the Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks essays

Sculptures of the Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks essays The Egyptians and the Greeks share some characteristics within their artwork. One area that was shared by the Egyptians and the Greeks was the fact that they both used high authorities such as kings and gods for their sculptures. The Egyptians mainly used their kings such as King Menkuare and his Queen from Giza. The Greeks mainly used their goods such as Hermes and the Infant Dionysos. Although they used high authority figures for their sculptures they used different techniques to make these sculptures. The Egyptians often used married couples for their sculptures. However, they use to portray the women as being very beneath the men. They used to have the women kneeling beside the king. Now over the years, they have started to portray the women as a little more equal of how the Egyptians started to show how the women are equal to the men in the sculpture King Menkaure and his Queen Khamerernebty. Even though the Queen is standing beside the King, you are still able to see that the King still has a higher authority over the Queen. You can tell this because the King is standing as if he is at attention and he has his left foot extended forward to show that he is still in power. However, the Queen also has her left foot extended, but it is not as far as the King's. Furthermore, the King's arms and hands are by his side with his fist clenched, while the Queens' arms are bent and placed with one hand around him and the other touching his arm. The Egyptians wanted to portray th e women as being a little more equal to the men but still wanted to prove that the men still had a higher authority. The Greeks also used high authorities such as their gods to make their sculptures. The Greeks had plenty of marble to use for the making of the sculptures, however; they did not like the fact that the marble was so cold and plain. To cover up the cold and plain marble the Greeks just painted over them. One of the Greeks most famous piec...

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Discussion Board Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Discussion Board - Essay Example Each person is holding different visions and this step requires coming at a single vision. This process is very time consuming and requires a detail meeting in order to arise at a single point. The major problem arises when deciding that what to serve and where to serve. Some partners want some specific goods to be served whereas some want some other packages of the goods that should be served. Before making business plan, each partner should be comprehensively decided that what actually to be served. The key factors are searched and then the decision is made on the product or service package that should be served. Some times the problem arises due to the Leadership; the every person in the partnership requires leadership in order to command over major processes. This is the major problem that arises when making a business plan. This problem is solved by providing the enough power to each member of the partnership. Usually the capital provided by each partner is used in order to give the extent of power to each partner. During the business plan the problem of marketing plan arises in which different partners want to deal in different market regions. These problems are usually solved in making the probable research in order to know that which market plan make the company more profitable. This marketing plan is usually an important step of the business plan and requires efficient research. Usually the problem arises when selecting the strategy for you partnership. Different school of thought create problem during the business plan. Some partner wants to adopt the cost-effective strategy or some want market segmentation. For this purpose the each partner must look at the products and services that are serving and the market in which they are serving. All the micro-environment and macro-environment conditions are taken in account in order to make a better competitive strategy for your partnership. The major

The extent of bankers' awareness, attitude towards social enterprises Dissertation - 1

The extent of bankers' awareness, attitude towards social enterprises business modes and social enterprises' ability to attr - Dissertation Example As far as financing of social enterprises are concerned, they are two sources of finances- grants and non-grants. It is, however, interesting to note that majority of social enterprises do finance their social activities through grants provided by various government or non-government institutions. The share of the grants provided by public agencies is much higher. In other words, social enterprises do mainly resort to government grants funding for fulfilling their social objectivities. (Anderson, Dees and Emerson, 2002; Guclu, Dees, and Anderson, 2002; Social enterprises have to depend on external sources of finance for fulfilling their social objectives as most of the time they are incapable of generating enough revenues from their business activities to finance their social activities (Dees, 1994). The more interesting thing to note that is they do not rely much on non-grants finance as an external source of their finance. Grant-dependency among social enterprises is quite prevalen t even if grants impose certain kind of restriction on their activities (Anderson, Dees and Emerson, 2002; Alter, 2006). ... (Dees, 1994; Blau, 2005). Problem statement Of course, popularity of non-grant finances like debt finance, equity finance etc have increased over time among social enterprises. Many experienced social enterprises are now using mixed approach of financing whether their combining grant and non-grant finances to finance their social activities. However, on average, non-grant finances are still less popular in comparison with grant finances and hence, the problems that social enterprise face while using grants still persists and work as obstacles in the path of realization of their goals. (Wei-Skillern, Leonard, and Stevenson, 2007; Dees, 1994) There are certain reasons behind less-dependency on non-grant finance, particularly lending which is considered to be one of the most common sources of finance for any business enterprise. The managers and founders of social enterprises generally claim that traditional lender like banks do not aware of their special needs and have a negative attit ude relating to the issue of extending loans to them. This claim is partially true. From the viewpoint of a lender, particularly of a banker, the flow of revenue and the capacity of paying all the debts with interest are the key factors and criteria for assessing the loan application of any organization. However, repaying loan with interests is certainly a challenge for the managers of those enterprises that operate in order to meet some social objectives. (Dees, Emerson, and Economy, 2001; Blau, 2005) Since social enterprises’ operational objectives are distinct from those of conventional business enterprises, the criteria for assessing applications for loans should not be same as

History of Urban Setting Schools in the United States Essay

History of Urban Setting Schools in the United States - Essay Example This essay discusses that quality education is important to students and a nation as well. When students excel in their academics, they have a chance of excelling in the job market as well. In the United States, the education sector has been a major priority, with numerous of reforms being implemented to improve students’ performance. Urban schools in the United States are located in the urban areas, with relatively high rates of poverty and mostly comprising students with limited English proficiency, therefore regarded as high need. The urban schools were formed with an aim of accommodating children from low income families. The ‘No Child Left Behind Act’ was implemented with an aim of improving performance of students especially in urban schools. In addition, the Act was implemented by former president Bush in 2002 with an aim of improving students’ performance, hence assisting them to succeed in the future. This paper discusses the history of urban schoo l setting in the United States, its crisis and the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† and its repercussions in depth. According to Gaskell, in the early years, wealth was accumulated by a limited number of individuals, and as a result, poverty levels in the urban areas increased significantly. The urban population in the United States increased as well, resulting into many differences, such as racism and inequality. The funding of schools between the wealthy and the poor districts faced inequality. The urban schools in the United States have over the years faced a declining level of test scores and high rates of violence. According to Stark (2011), urban schools in the 1800s were started with an aim of providing immigrant parents with affordable places for their children to stay during the day as they worked in mills, factories, or shops. By 1920, the urban schools served the middle-class clients who aimed for white-collar jobs; however, by the late 1920s, the working class†™s children had flooded the urban schools, hence changing their status due to financial constraints. Today, there is a sense of hopelessness in the urban schools, contributing to high levels of dropouts. According to Kincheloe (2006, p.95), teaching and learning practices in such schools do not value or encourage students’ performance. DSA (2012) adds that, quality education is a human right for all American students, and therefore, fairness and equality should be observed in the urban schools. Urban schools compromise of children from poor backgrounds; they amount to 11.5 million who live below the average poverty line, attending poverty-stricken schools, and lack computers and decent learning facilities. The urban schools force children to learn in unfriendly environment, which lack air conditioning. Moreover, urban schools record a high level of dropouts, especially among African American students. The performance of these schools in alarming, and this is an issue that n eeds to be addressed. No Child Left Behind Act A report of 1983 indicated that, there was a risk in the education sector, as 13% of 17-year olds on the country were considered illiterate, with scores in mathematics, physics, and English deteriorating (Jorgensen & Hoffmann, 2003, p.2). The rate of remedial classes in mathematics had increased by 72%; in addition, the school curriculum was of low quality, therefore of less benefit. The declining level of homework was also noted in the report, with less mathematics and science courses enrollment. The time students spent on schoolwork was much less; the schools’ administration did not encourage students to develop the required study skills such as time management, and emphasis on schoolwork (Jorgensen & Hoffmann, 2003, p.3). The 1983 report also indicated that, the teaching programs needed improvement; there was also shortage in the number of

Colombian Drug MulesDrug Trade and Trafficking Essay

Colombian Drug MulesDrug Trade and Trafficking - Essay Example 39). Jerry Speziale, an undercover narcotics agent who infiltrated one of the most powerful of the Colombian drug cartels, however, disagrees with this assessment. Insisting that government weakness, not complicity is at the source of the problem, Speziale contends that poverty and lack of economic options are the primary reasons for the survival and growth of the Colombian drug trade (p. 76). Indeed, this appears to be the suggestion forwarded in the film "Maria Full of Grace." In this film, a pregnant teenager becomes a drug mule, despite all that it involves in terms of danger to life, health and freedom, because she has no other option for supporting herself and her family. Poverty and economic necessity drive her to become a drug mule ("Maria Full of Grace"). This points to governmental weakness, not complicity because it evidences the failure of the government to provide the population with economic options outside of the drug trade. Quite simply stated, as long as the governme nt cannot furnish its populace with economic opportunities and the drug cartels can, the trade will flourish. Both the Colombian and the US governments have poured substantial financial, military and human resources into the war on drugs with very little effect because of the political and economic power enjoyed by the cartels versus the weakness of the government. Over tOver the past two decades, the Colombian government has sought to eliminate the production and transit of illicit narcotics in its national territory. Working closely with the U.S. and other members of the inter-American narcotics control regime, the Colombian government has implemented "supply-reduction" programs that eradicate drug plantings, destroy drug processing laboratories, intercept the transportation of narcotics and the chemicals used to make them, and apprehend suspected drug traffickers and confiscate their illicit profits (Linton, p. 89). The costs of these programs, in terms of budget allocations and human personnel, are significant. Since the early 1980s, the Colombian government has spent several billion US dollars to implement supply-reduction initiatives within its national territory. While the Colombian government has received considerable anti-narcotics assistance from the U.S. and other foreign governments over the years, it has also invested a substantia l portion of its own resources in the "war on drugs" (Linton, pp. 88-90). Moreover, in recent years, the Colombian government's anti-drug expenditures have increased significantly. In the 1980s, Colombia's anti-narcotics budget varied between US$20 and 25 million per year, with the U.S. providing half this amount. In 1995 the Colombian government devoted US$900 million of its own funds to anti-drug efforts, and in 1996 this amount increased to over US$ 1.3 billion. In 1997, the Colombian government allocated US$ 1.1 billion for counter-narcotics efforts, which represented 4.8% of the government's budget for that year (Lee, p. 202; CNN, 1998a, n.p.). The financial resources which are poured into the war on drugs is constantly spiralling and, it seems, with hardly any lasting effect on the trade. The human costs of the Colombian government's counter-narcotics efforts are even greater. Every year thousands of Colombian civilian and military officials participate in various phases of planning and/or implementing supply-reduction policies. The danger inherent in this

Customer Relationship Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Customer Relationship Managment - Essay Example This paper approves that the company was wise enough to eliminate online booking because this was not personal enough and left a lot of room for mistakes and misconceptions about which products were most suitable for a client. It was therefore necessary to come up with a strategy that will allow discussions between clients directly with Tennyson employees. This has been facilitated by their automated telephone line. The company has improved its customer care in this regard by responding to customer’s enquiries immediately yet at the same time maintaining that personal contact with them. This is quite a commendable effort on their part. Relationship marketing experts assert that when companies have obtained their desired clients, they need to do all it takes to keep them there. They have suggested the use of product promotion tactics, product bundling among others. Product bundling involves offering a number of related services all under once collective price. this essay makes a conclusion that Tennyson initially had a haphazard way of managing their customers. But after merging with merry weather, it realised that there was a need for improvement which could be facilitated by some of merry weather’s clients. The company embarked on customer valuation exercises and should use those findings to improve its relationship marketing strategy in the future. However, the current improvements will facilitate future product offerings and will enhance the companies’ relationship with its market.

Colombian Drug MulesDrug Trade and Trafficking Essay

Colombian Drug MulesDrug Trade and Trafficking - Essay Example 39). Jerry Speziale, an undercover narcotics agent who infiltrated one of the most powerful of the Colombian drug cartels, however, disagrees with this assessment. Insisting that government weakness, not complicity is at the source of the problem, Speziale contends that poverty and lack of economic options are the primary reasons for the survival and growth of the Colombian drug trade (p. 76). Indeed, this appears to be the suggestion forwarded in the film "Maria Full of Grace." In this film, a pregnant teenager becomes a drug mule, despite all that it involves in terms of danger to life, health and freedom, because she has no other option for supporting herself and her family. Poverty and economic necessity drive her to become a drug mule ("Maria Full of Grace"). This points to governmental weakness, not complicity because it evidences the failure of the government to provide the population with economic options outside of the drug trade. Quite simply stated, as long as the governme nt cannot furnish its populace with economic opportunities and the drug cartels can, the trade will flourish. Both the Colombian and the US governments have poured substantial financial, military and human resources into the war on drugs with very little effect because of the political and economic power enjoyed by the cartels versus the weakness of the government. Over tOver the past two decades, the Colombian government has sought to eliminate the production and transit of illicit narcotics in its national territory. Working closely with the U.S. and other members of the inter-American narcotics control regime, the Colombian government has implemented "supply-reduction" programs that eradicate drug plantings, destroy drug processing laboratories, intercept the transportation of narcotics and the chemicals used to make them, and apprehend suspected drug traffickers and confiscate their illicit profits (Linton, p. 89). The costs of these programs, in terms of budget allocations and human personnel, are significant. Since the early 1980s, the Colombian government has spent several billion US dollars to implement supply-reduction initiatives within its national territory. While the Colombian government has received considerable anti-narcotics assistance from the U.S. and other foreign governments over the years, it has also invested a substantia l portion of its own resources in the "war on drugs" (Linton, pp. 88-90). Moreover, in recent years, the Colombian government's anti-drug expenditures have increased significantly. In the 1980s, Colombia's anti-narcotics budget varied between US$20 and 25 million per year, with the U.S. providing half this amount. In 1995 the Colombian government devoted US$900 million of its own funds to anti-drug efforts, and in 1996 this amount increased to over US$ 1.3 billion. In 1997, the Colombian government allocated US$ 1.1 billion for counter-narcotics efforts, which represented 4.8% of the government's budget for that year (Lee, p. 202; CNN, 1998a, n.p.). The financial resources which are poured into the war on drugs is constantly spiralling and, it seems, with hardly any lasting effect on the trade. The human costs of the Colombian government's counter-narcotics efforts are even greater. Every year thousands of Colombian civilian and military officials participate in various phases of planning and/or implementing supply-reduction policies. The danger inherent in this

Pleasant Manor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pleasant Manor - Essay Example Some states enacted the policy of PPS on nursing homes where the medical providers are paid based on how severely ill the patients are rather than the volume of services provided to the patient (Griffin, 1995). The medical reimbursement provided was not enough to provide an incentive for medical providers to retain patients during subacute phase recovery. SNF was reimbursed with cost limits, the total amount needed to treat subacute patient normally goes beyond the SNF cost limit. This means that the amount dispersed for treating heavy care or subacute were inadequate. There are several theories of organizational behavior and communication that could have assisted PM from collapsing, one of it is structuration theory, this theory was developed by Anthony Giddens (Andrew, Richard, and Catherine, 1989). In this theory, leaders make decisions and choices that can limit what can be done in an organization. The decision to introduce PPS did not work well with the medical providers and it limited the choices of PM, but with proper communication, the organization could have updated their types of equipment and introduce other people with new ideas and innovative programs to drive the organization. The management should have come up with the meaningful solution to the complex problem facing the organization using innovative technological solution that could have provided answers to the problems facing PM. According to Douglas McGregor, there are two types of organizational behavior theories, these are theory x and theory Y. in theory X the manager believes that the workers are lazy and cannot be trusted, in theory, Y, the managers believe that the workers are trustworthy and capable of assuming responsibility (Andrew, Richard, and Catherine, 1989). This theory could have been important in PM since it could have promoted management understanding of employees’ motivation.

Coraline Essy Essay Example for Free

Coraline Essy Essay In response to the school boards request for student feedback, I am writing to express my opinion about which should be used to teach about the Fantasy genre, Coraline the book or Coraline the movie. In my opinion, I believe that Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre. This is because the sounds, animations, and new characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. By the time you finish reading this, you will surely end up being persuaded that Coraline the movie has more elements and examples of Fantasy than in the book. The first detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is animation. The animations in the movie were cartoon people, which means the characters dont necessarily have to do things real people can do. Another element of animation that makes the movie more fantastical is that you can see exactly what the character is doing but in the book it is Just your imagination. Also, in the movie, special effects can be added to make the scenes look more fantastical. Overall, the animations from the movie show more elements of fantasy than in the book. Secondly, the new and different characters in the movie make Coraline the movie have more elements of fantasy than the book. In the movie, the other mother turns the other dad into a pumpkin instead of a blob. This is more fantastical because pumpkins are plants and the fact that a pumpkin is alive and speaks is very fantastical. The second example of new and different characters is Wybie Lovat. He is a new character that is in the movie but not the book. He adds more fantasy because he finds a doll that looks Just like Coraline and gives it to her. The new and different haracters is the second detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy. The third detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is sound. The sound from the movie can let you hear the characters tone of voice while speaking which lets you know if what they are saying sounds fantastical. The second thing is that you can hear background sounds and noise. This adds to Fantasy because it lets you hear strange sounds in the background that make it more fantastical. The third thing is that in the movie you can hear how loud the character is speaking. This can let you know how the character feels which adds on to the fantastical elements. I have now expressed my opinion on which to use to teach the Fantasy genre. Coraline the movie has many elements and examples of Fantasy. Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre because the sounds, animations, and new or different characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. Now that you have taken a look at many examples and elements of Fantasy in the movie, I hope that you consider using Coraline the movie to teach Fantasy in schools.

What Is A Sexual Revolution?

What Is A Sexual Revolution? Answer: Sexual revolution is a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationship throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1980s. At the end of the Second World War, Wilhelm Reich introduced American readers to some of his earlier writings under the title The Sexual Revolution (1945). Explaining that this revolution went to the roots of human emotional, social, and economic existence, he presented himself as a radical (from Latin radix: root), i.e. as a man who examines these roots and who then fearlessly speaks the truth that sets humanity free. The truth, according to Reich, was that Western civilization had made people sick by imposing on them an unnatural, destructive sexual morality. However, thanks to various modern social and scientific upheavals, the natural human life functions were finally awakening after a sleep of thousands of years. The future would restore sexual health and, for the first time, bring full human autonomy. In 19th-century France and Germany several new small revolutions tried to speed up the process of modernization and to expand individual rights, but they failed. Repressive marriage and family laws and the denial of suffrage kept women in their place. Literary censorship hampered the free flow of ideas and kept the public sexually ignorant. Nevertheless, when technological progress made the mass production of condoms possible, many men and women began to plan the size of their families and thus quietly started a contraceptive revolution. As a result, they gained at least some measure of sexual self-determination, even if it remained unrecognized by the state. Eventually, however, the gap between traditional ideology and practical reality grew so wide that a drastic readjustment was all but inevitable. This readjustment was brought about by the First World War which announced the collapse of the rigid old political order. In 1917, when the revolution came to Russia, it expressly inclu ded equal rights for women and universal sexual freedom in its program. Thus, for the first time, a sexual revolution became official government policy. By the same token, in the bourgeois, capitalist societies of the West which are dedicated to individual freedom, the sexual revolution continues. The right to sexual self-determination is considered as important as ever, and, indeed, various sexual liberation groups are working hard to extend it. In the United States, the struggle for an Equal Rights Amendment, legal abortion, the repeal of sodomy, prostitution and obscenity laws, and an end to discrimination against homosexuals are perhaps the best known current examples. At the same time, more and more people also take advantage of those sexual rights that have already been granted. Thus, the movement toward sexual emancipation is still gaining in strength. It is this change in attitude, more than anything else, that amounts to a revolution. Instead of blindly following inherited customs, we now decide for ourselves what sexual activity is proper. Therefore, even if our overt behavior remains the same, it now has a different meaning. We have learned that there are alternatives, that there is nothing eternal or sacred about our sexual morality. We no longer submit to blanket taboos or suspend our judgment. In short, we have become used to questioning the legitimacy of our traditions. At least in this sense, the talk about a sexual revolution is fully justified. We have to remember that significant social changes occur not only when people change what they do. It may be enough that they change the way they think about it. It may be enough that different behaviors become defensible, that moral options develop which did not exist before. The old sexual standards seemed unassailable as long as they were taken for granted. However, today radical changes of all sorts have become conceivable and even plausible to many formerly uncritical men and women. Thus, past and present are no longer reliable guides to the future. Religious dogmas have been replaced by scientific hypotheses, certainties by doubts. At the same time, our choices and responsibilities have increased. There is cause for great joy as well as for great anxiety, in the area of sex, as in so many other areas of life, virtually anything seems to have become possible. b) Why do societies control peoples sexual behavior? Answer: Human sexual activities or human sexual practices or human sexual behavior refers to the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality. People engage in a variety of sexual acts from time to time, and for a wide variety of reasons. Sexual activity normally results in sexual arousal and physiological changes in the aroused person, some of which are pronounced while others are more subtle. Sexual activity also includes conduct and activities which are intended to arouse the sexual interest of another, such as strategies to find or attract partners (mating and display behavior), and personal interactions between individuals, such as flirting and foreplay. Human sexual activity has psychological, biological, physical and emotional aspects. Biologically, it refers to the reproductive mechanism as well as the basic biological drive that exists in all species and can encompass sexual intercourse and sexual contact in all its forms. Emotional aspects deal with the int ense personal bonds and emotions generated between sexual partners by a sexual activity. Physical issues around sexuality range from purely medical considerations to concerns about the physiological or even psychological and sociological aspects of sexual behavior. In some cultures sexual activity is considered acceptable only within marriage, although premarital and extramarital sex are also common. Some sexual activities are illegal either universally or in some countries, and some are considered against the norms of a society. For example, sexual activity with a person below some age of consent and sexual assault in general are criminal offenses in many jurisdictions. c) How does sexuality play a part in social inequality? Answer: sexuality play an important part in the social inequality such as interpersonal behavior. Day-to-day interaction between women and men perpetuates male dominance. Gender differences in conversational patterns reflect differences in power. Womens speech is more polite than mens. Women end statements with tag questions (dont you agree? you know?). Men are more direct, interrupt more, and talk more, notwithstanding the stereotype that women are more talkative. Males typically initiate interaction with women; they pursue, while females wait to be asked out (Eitzen, 2000:260). Of the issues discussed in this chapter (prostitution, teen pregnancy, pornography, sexual violence and abortion) which do you think is the most important for Malaysian society today? Why? Answer: From the sex video created by Umno to topple Opposition Leader Anwar Ibrahim right down to the MACC officer caught watching smut in office, Malaysian news now only have one major point to highlight: sex and pornography The production and distribution of pornographic movies are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it plays in political circles are matters of controversy. In many countries it is legal to both produce and distribute pornography featuring performers age 18 or older; however there are often restrictions placed upon such material. If we were to stop for a moment and take the time to properly assess the community impact of internet pornography, it would soon become clear that internet pornography is not the height of evil which do-gooder parliamentarians and parental groups profess. Indeed, it is probably one of the main factors contributing to a Professor Damato suggests there are two predominant reasons why an increase in the availability of pornography has led to a reduction in rape. First, using pornographic material provides an easy avenue for the sexually desirous to get it out of their system. Second, Damato points to the so-called Victorian effect. This dates back to the old Victorian era where people covered up their bodies with an immense amount of clothing, generating a greater mystery as to what they looked like naked. Damato suggests that the free availability of pornography since the 1970s, and the recent bombardment of internet pornography, has de-mystified sex, thus satisfying the sexually curious. You may well ask while this positive correlation between an increase in pornography (specifically internet pornography) and a reduction in rape has been demonstrated in the United States, do the statistics in Australia present a similar positive correlation? Ana Mendieta and Jenny Saville: Compare and Contrast Essay Ana Mendieta and Jenny Saville: Compare and Contrast Essay Compare and contrast the work of two contemporary women illustrators or artists. Situate their work in a social and historical context and examine how their work addresses questions of gendered identity. In this essay, I will examine the work of Ana Mendieta and Jenny Saville, two contemporary women artists from two separate movements in history; The Womens Movement of the 1970s, and The Britart Movement of the 1990s. I will compare and contrast the different approaches they take on female subjectivity, and then conclude with whom raises questions of gendered identity the most effectively. Jenny Saville was sprung into the art world when Charles Saatchi famously discovered her work and set her up in a studio to paint more pictures for him to buy. She joined the ranks of other young British artists to be part of the movement known as Britart, an explosion which culminated from media and political hype at that time, namely Cool Brittania. Saville read extensively on the subject of feminist theory, with particular interest on why, as feminist art historian Linda Nochlin pointed out, there have been no great women artists. Her paintings are often compared to old masters Rubens and Courbet, but most usually to contemporary painter Lucien Freud. As such, she is typically described as a New Old Master based on the technical aptitude and sheer scale of her female nudes which are implicitly related to the male-dominated art history. Unlike those male predecessors, Saville paints from a starkly female point of view. Her figures are not the idealised stereotype of beauty painted with the male gaze in mind; their flesh takes on all manner of mottled tones and their bodies are far from erotically posed.The history of art has been dominated by men, living in ivory towers, seeing women as sexual objects. I paint women as most women see themselves. I try to catch their identity, their skin, their hair, their heat, their leakiness. I do have this sense with female flesh that things are leaking out. A lot of our flesh is blue, like butchers meat. In history, pubic hair has always been perfect, painted by men. In real life, it moves around, up your stomach, or down your legs. (Independent interview, 1994) Plan, 1993, a 9ft high nude self portrait, towers above the viewer like a mountain of flesh. The figures arm is drawn across both breasts in a gesture which suggests negativity while the scale of the canvas and perspective makes the body look gargantuan; the contours of the flesh are marked as if Saville is on a hospital trolley waiting for her fat to be sucked out by a cosmetic surgeon. Alison Rowley asks if Saville worries about her size in an article on scale. it would be possible to read as signified by the size of the canvas for Plan Savilles figuration of the psychic dimensions of her own body, as it is constructed at the intersection of her physical body with all those discourses, of the fashion and cosmetics, the diet, health products and plastic surgery industry, that operate to produce the sign desirable feminine body for this culture as something other than her size and shape. The composition of the figure within the frame strengthens this signification: not only does it n eed a canvas 9 x 7 to accommodate it but even then its a squash to get it in. As I understand it, Saville addresses her gender through challenging the expectations placed on women to look good in a male-dominated society. She herself admits I havent had liposuction myself but I did fall for that body wrap thing where they promise four inches off, or your money back. and she states beauty as being the male image of the female body. (Independent Interview, 1994) She frequently uses herself in her images but the exaggerated folds of flesh speak volumes in an age where we are obsessed with our bodies. The standard reaction, particularly from a male view point is to recoil in disgust, prompting us to question how the media has so effectively brainwashed a society to think plastic surgery is normal; when in fact the horrifying reality is that women now feel a desperate sense of urgency to have their bodies prodded, probed and sliced in the name of beauty. By materializing the abject female body, Saville reveals what lurks in the feminine imagination. That is to say, by representing a specific idea of femininity, she speaks to the disparity between the way that many women feel about their bodies and the reality of how those bodies are perceived by others. Michelle Meagher. Jenny Saville and a Feminist Aesthetics of Disgust. Page 34 Jenny Savilles monumental paintings speak up for women with a strong political message for the age we live in. She pushes her brilliant and relentless embodiment of our worst anxieties about our own corporeality and gender Nochlin, Linda 2000. Floating in Gender Nirvana. Art in America 88. Page 97) with shocking reality and is a testament to how history and society has shaped us. In the series Closed Contact, Saville took a diversion from paint to collaborate with fashion photographer Glen Luchford. The resulting grotesquely distorted self-portraits were achieved via manipulation of the flesh upon a plane of perspex. The same strikingly similar effects were created in a work entitled Glass on Body from 1972 by the artist Ana Mendieta. She, as Saville, manipulated her face, breasts, hips, thighs and buttocks against a sheet of glass, thus interpreting her body as sculpture to provocative effect. Saville refers to her body as a prop, saying in an interview with Elton John Its like loaning my body to myself. So the flesh becomes like a material. In the photographs the flesh was like paint. Those pictures all came out of my exposure to plastic surgery. I worked with this plastic surgeon in New York for quite a few months, and I saw all of this manipulation of flesh and liposuction and surgeons fists moving around inside breasts. (Interview. Elton John. October 20 03.) I think a reference to Mendietas manipulation of her own malleable flesh against the glass and the resulting carnivalesque perversion of her once recognizable figure turn body art toward such feminist issues as the normative construction of beauty and the female body as monstrous other. Blocker, Jane Where is Ana Mendieta? Identity, Performativity, and Exile (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999) P.11 is an equally appropriate understanding of Savilles art. Anna Mendieta emerged during the womans art movement of the 1970s. Being exiled from her native country of Cuba when she was 12 years old resulted in feelings of displacement, and she addressed issues of cultural identity as well as her gender through performance and body art. Unlike Saville, who traditionally uses paint in a realist sense, Mendieta explored these relatively new mediums when she realized my paintings were not real enough for what I wanted the image to convey and by real I mean I wanted my images to have power, to be magic. (Ana Mendieta: Pain of Cuba, Body I Am Kaira M. Cabanas Womans Art Journal, Vol. 20, Page 12) While dealing with taboo subject matter she could directly change the male gaze from one customarily of desire and give a voice to the female nude that for centuries before did not have one. In a performance in 1972, Mendieta had a male friend shave off his facial hair as she applied the pieces to her face, thus assuming the symbols of male identity. Savi lle addressed the same issue with Passage, 2004, which features a transvestite between genders.Thirty or forty years ago this body couldnt have existed and I was looking for a kind of contemporary architecture of the body. I wanted to paint a visual passage through gender a sort of gender landscape. (Saatchi Gallery) Although both artists focus on the female body, Mendieta used her own for every art piece she created and, unlike Saville, she took her work out of the studio. Her Siluetas series combined issues of race and identity when she left imprints of her body in the landscape. These earth-body sculptures were created with natural materials such as flowers, earth, fire and blood and, as with most of her works, were linked to the rituals of Santeria, a religion that grew out of the slave trade in Cuba and which Mendieta studied to get back to her roots. The Siluetas seem to change form and shape from one to the other, and some take on the exaggerated appearance of a vagina, the uniquely female thing that appears central to most feminist art. by creating a fusion with nature, Mendieta affirms, through their common fertility, a feminine specificity. The Earth-mother in this respect constitutes an all powerful, truly mythical generality, in which Mendietas body literally melts, and in a certain s ense becomes lost; the affirmation of a collective identity so clearly implying the dissolution of personal identity. Creissels, Anne From Leda to Daphne, Sacrifice and Virginity in the Work of Ana Mendieta in The Sacred and the Feminine, Imagination and Sexual Difference, ed. By Griselda Pollock and Victoria Turvey Sauron (London: I.B.Tauris, 2007) p. 183 The problem is that women working with nature is regarded as a uniquely feminine approach and has the disadvantage of contributing to the perpetuation of a system of domination founded on the opposition of the sexes. Creissels, Anne From Leda to Daphne, Sacrifice and Virginity in the Work of Ana Mendieta in The Sacred and the Feminine, Imagination and Sexual Difference, ed. By Griselda Pollock and Victoria Turvey Sauron (London: I.B.Tauris, 2007) p. 183 An earlier work from 1973, Rape Scene, was a performance in which Mendieta smeared herself in blood and tied herself face down on a table to be discovered by colleagues she had invited to her apartment. It dealt with violence against the female body and aimed to expose the violence and control that can lie behind the (male) gaze, which for them (us) is neither novel nor escapable. (Where is Ana Mendieta? Jane Blocker. Page 15) A photograph documenting the scene appears remarkably as if intended to look like forensic evidence. Blood was frequently used in Mendietas performances to spark controversy. A Self-portrait from 1973 shows Mendieta with blood running down her face as she looks down into the lens of the camera. This compares with a piece by Saville entitled Reverse, in which the artists head is shown sideways on a reflective surface. Both Mendietas and Savilles faces look bloodied and brutal, as though they had been beaten up. The eyes in both are empty and listless. Lips are parted. The depiction of Savilles face in Reverse as swollen and scabbed actually comes from her fascination with plastic surgery and the women who underwent such operations. However, she would never call her paintings self-portraits as she is not interested in the outward personality. I dont use the anatomy of my face because I like it, not at all. I use it because it brings out something from inside, a neurosis. (Under the skin, The Guardian, Suzie Mackenzie, 22/10/2005) Ana Mendieta and other artists involved with the womans art movement did accomplish a lot by breaking the boundaries and bringing to light the injustices women have to bear just for being female thus establishing a place for womens art. The visual language raised by Mendieta in her performances had an ethereal poignancy reflecting her traumatic childhood experience. However, as other female artists of the era were creating art with their bodies while spiritually bonding with nature it was easy to term them as Goddess Artists Edelson, Mary Beth, Male Grazing: An Open Letter to Thomas McEvilley in Feminisim-Art-Theory, an Anthology 1968-2000, ed. By Hilary Robinson (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001)P.593 a category they vehemently objected to, but nonetheless, creating giant vaginas and frolicking naked in the leaves can detract from the serious feminist angle. Jenny Savilles art cannot be taken anything but seriously. Her uniquely female perspective of nude women which have historic ally been painted by men for centuries begs the question, has a patriarchal art history defined beauty? The expectations placed on women to look a certain way are crushingly everywhere. The female form is nothing but an object of desire for the very men that moulded this ideal and the women who desire that unattainable ideal. In a society where women are controlled via a visual media which has evolved from pictures made by man, Saville has opened my eyes to the rituals I perform in the upkeep of being female. In contrast, Mendietas ritualistic performances, although captivating and thought provoking, seem more about self-cleansing and embedded in the spiritual to compete with men in a patriarchal art world.